第255章 募兵制
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他毫不犹豫,便着漆吏的抽打、讽刺,不顾阿父的劝阻,拉着自家的堂弟一齐应募去了。
其余几处乐氏的领邑,也在上演相同的一幕。
赵无恤亲自负责的是戴城,这里是乐氏主邑,户数五千,人口三万,他正和谋主张孟谈商量着募兵事项。
张孟谈说道:“宗周时,六师的士卒来源于六乡的国人,每家一人备征,轮流服役。士以习武打仗为主要职事,作战时充任甲士;农即庶人,除老弱残疾者外,所有成年男子都须接受军事训练,三季务农,一季讲武,每隔三年进行一次大蒐礼。遇到战事。要随时听从调发,充任徒卒。服役期根据战事的长短而定。野人氓隶一般没有当兵的资格,只能随军服杂役。”
“平王东迁后。诸侯争霸,井田逐渐崩坏,每逢大战,都是数百乘、千乘的兵力,只靠士和国人完全不够。所以晋惠公作州兵,扩大兵役和军赋的来源,允许野人从军,其他各国也无不如此。于是渐渐变为国野消弭,兵农合一的县邑征兵制。一般是临时征发。打完仗就归家,一旦超过三个月的期限,兵卒心念农事,就会士气大跌了。”
最后,张孟谈说道:“但子泰这种募兵制,在异国以钱财招募兵卒入伍,却是闻所未闻啊,倒是一种可行之法。”
赵无恤闻言后却苦笑不已,这不是被逼无奈么。不然他又何必临时“发明”募兵制度。
乐溷这只铁公鸡,要是赵无恤直接说要征召乐氏国人,或者将他们转化为自己的私属隶兵,他肯定是不干的。所以只能先行募兵之法。一方面可以用钱帛诱惑,增加入伍的积极性,另一方面也可以忽悠过乐溷。等这些兵卒进了无恤的口袋,再慢慢消化。
这时代普遍存在的征发制度。张孟谈已经详细说过了,但募兵制却是中国的头一遭。
募兵是用金钱或其它物质条件招募的军队。是“赁市佣而战”的雇佣兵。募兵与主君的关系是钱帛与盟誓的关系,有钱粮则战,无钱粮则散。
赵无恤听说过一种说法,凡是兵农合一,征兵制度完备的时代,如秦、西汉、唐初,那就是国力强劲战无不胜。可若是田制崩坏,只能靠募兵来补充的时代,如东汉、唐末、北宋,就会战斗力羸弱。
这总结还是有一些道理的,征兵、募兵,其实都有各自的优和缺。
赵无恤事后一想,惊讶地发现他在成乡实行的,其实已经是征兵制和募兵制的结合了:农闲时征召各户的国人野人作为徒卒服役,但其中的轻骑士、甲士、弓手等兵种,却是给予补贴和钱帛粟米的职业募兵。
温县的两百弩手也是临时征发的国野民众,但服役早已超期,若是换了个人统领,恐怕早就满军营都在哀叹“君子于役,不知其期;君子于役,苟无”了,说不定还会成群结队叛逃回国。
当年齐桓公征发兵卒戍守徐国,防备楚国时,就摊上了这样的事情,齐人见到了农忙之时战事还未结束,都撂挑子不干,自己跑路回家了。
但无恤经过棘津一战,已经在温卒心中树立了至高的权威。加上他以简牍吩咐温县的赵广德,给予这些兵卒家中免税和提供氓隶帮忙务农的补偿,才能让他们死心塌地地在这异国他乡继续效命,所以某种程度上,两百弩兵也算是募兵了。
但这次在宋国的募兵又有所不同,更像是纯粹地在召雇佣兵。
于是赵无恤说道:“军队总体还是得靠征发,农闲时出国作战;精兵则靠招募,以厚禄养之,让他们脱离农事。两者结合,这才是最好的方式。但我现在是一个无地的被逐卿子,寄人篱下,若是就地征兵,子明可不会同意,宋公也会心生疑虑。所以只能用这种方法来增强武备,此策不是常法,只能用于应急。”
张孟谈颔首道:“的确,这种募兵吸引来的,往往是想出国长见识、博富贵的恶少年和游侠儿,或者想乘机迁业的商贾之人,这些人容易纪律散漫,可不好训练。”
听了张孟谈的担心后,无恤微微一笑,说道:“张子可曾听说过这种说法,太一生水,而水生万物,各国民众的性格,也是受到水地影响的。”
张孟谈思索道:“听过,有人认为,齐国的水迫急而流盛,所以齐人就贪婪,粗暴而好勇。楚国的水柔弱而清白,所以楚人就轻捷、果断而敢为。晋国的水苦涩而浑浊,所以晋人就谄谀而包藏伪诈,巧佞而好财利。燕国的水深聚而柔弱,所以燕人就愚憨而好讲坚贞,轻急而不怕死。宋国的水轻强而清明,所以宋人就纯朴平易,喜欢公正。”
无恤看着戴邑内前来应募的宋人,虽然没人维持秩序,但他们却讷讷不敢哄抢拥挤,被人撞了,也只是露出憨憨的一笑。
“没错,闲易而好正,就是宋人的特,所以楚人才说‘郑昭宋聋’,意思是说郑国人聪明机灵,宋国人愚笨呆滞,反应比郑人迟钝。虽然这是楚国大夫的污蔑之言,但也是宋人性格的一种体现。”
无恤的募兵之法,换了在齐、楚、晋,估计招来的都是群轻侠之人,一个个牛气冲天,可不容易练,也不易收服。只有在民众朴实单纯的宋国,才更有可行性。
没记错的话,日后戚继光打造无敌的戚家军时招募的义务兵,也是类似宋人的性格。
赵无恤竖起了一个指头,对张孟谈道:“所以这次募兵,应募者除了体力必须过关外,只有一个要求,那就是老实,听话,宁缺毋滥!”
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