第1049章 ”禁酒时代“
最新网址:m.ltxsdz.com
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赵侯无恤元年一月,为了顺应举国同庆的气氛,赵无恤通过大理寺宣布:解除去年颁布的禁酒令!
一时间,民间各处富户、中人之家交相举杯庆贺,大夫和官僚、军吏们也在对这项举措拍手叫好之余,也大大方方地抬出了家里地窖中藏了很久的酒水,准备开怀痛饮。
然而他们高兴得太早,这条政令还有后半截:“即日起,赵国实行酒榷!”民间禁饮法令解除,但禁酿之令仍在,私自酿酒的罪责更是加了一等,而官府将对酒类实行专营,以独占酿酒和销售的利润。
对此,左史丘明的记载尤为精到:“自此,名禁而实许之酤,意在榷钱,而不在酒矣。”也就是说,名义上禁酿,其实又只许官府经营,目的是在从中抽税,而不是禁酒本身了。
上头严令之下,地方上也不再睁一只眼闭一只眼,而是雷厉风行地查出早就盯上的各处私酿,或收编或捣毁。一时间邺城及各郡县周围的大酿造坊都清扫一空,随之而来的,是酒肆重新开张,但摆上案几的,都是打上了官府专卖标示的新酒。
对此,参与了私酒酿造贩卖,现在又被抄家的贵族、豪长、官吏,投机商人们自然叫苦不堪,可酒水的消费者们对此还是持欢迎态度的。虽然官府专卖的酒比起私酿贵了一些,可胜在质量,尤其是那些外界不知其制法的烈酒、清酒,更能卖出天价。
这些酒榷收入对于入不敷出的赵国财政而言,犹如一剂强心针。酒榷政策实行后,仅仅是通过酿酒销售,太府即可以获得百分之二十的盈利。如果再加上高额的酿造利润——官府的作坊每生产一千钟酿酒,至少可得到二十万钱的盈利,其收入无疑是一笔很大的数字,确实能够解决财政上的匮乏。
二三月份时,在“寓禁于征”里尝到了甜头的赵国太府,又连续出台了几项专卖政策。
首先是重申了赵国币制,以黄金和五铢钱为唯二指定流通货币,废弃刀币、布币等币种,严禁郡县和民间铸钱。这次币制改革基本解决了私铸铜钱、币制混乱的问题,稳定了市场和流通。更重要的是,自此以后,不但是赵国九郡,连鲁、卫也被剥夺了铸币的权力,转由太府下辖的“邺城三官”(钟官、技巧、辨铜三官),分别负责鼓铸、刻范和原料。赵无恤这是狠下心来要狠狠吃一笔铸币税了!
与之同时进行的,便是更加霸道的改革:盐铁专营。
“盐专营”,即赵国官府明确规定不论是太原的大卤泽、河东的安邑池,乃至于各地煮出来的土盐,统统属于国有,贩卖私盐乃是死罪!在生产上实行官督民产,规定百姓在特定时间、特定地域煮盐,交付郡县的均输官、平准官统一收购、统一运输、统一销售。
其实食盐由国家专营,并非是秦汉才有的东西,而是管仲的创举。
按照管仲“官山海”的理论,计然给赵无恤算了笔账:“一个具有千乘兵车的大国,100万的总人口,每人每月征收3钱,一个月也就300万钱;但只要每升盐加价1钱,按照户籍实行计口售盐,每月即可多得300万钱,已等于每月3钱高额丁税带来的收入,就算打个折换算成粮食,也是一笔了不得的数量了……”
“铁专营”与此类似,作为一种新兴的产业,官府垄断了境内大大小小的铁矿,从开采、运输、铸造、售卖都排斥私人商贩参与。使得这种赵国利器不会轻易流往境外,又能保证市场的垄断,让铁价维持在和青铜差不多的价格。
简单的横征暴敛容易激起民变,但”盐铁专营“表面上并没有直接征税,不会引起人民的任何抱怨,达到“见予之形,不见夺之理”,是很高明的国家财政方式。
这些都是赵无恤和计然一起合计的,计然的经济思想虽然重农,却不排斥其他产业,他曾向赵无恤明确指出“富国非一道,无末业则本业何出?”
在计然看来,农业并非财富的唯一来路,工商业尤其商业同样是富国强兵的源泉,如今在农业上暂时玩不出花的时候,赵国便从工商上找到了出路,达到了不加农税口税而府库钱粮增加的目标。
虽然以赵无恤对历史上“官营”,以及后世国企的一贯尿性了解,他自然也知道,在市场垄断和监督难以落实到基层的情况下,这三种专营不可避免会产生种种弊端。可如今府库枯竭近在眼前,就算是饮鸩止渴,他也只能执行下去,弊端之类的,只能期待在实践的过程中慢慢细化规范,加以更改了。
有了这盐、铁、酒专营三管齐下的收入,计然今年的”量入为出“终于能顺利地做下去了,但虽然开了源,在支出上,依然得好好合计一番,咎待解决的,就是对赵国建立过程里,有功将士臣僚的封赏了……在这方面,计然就插不上话了。
好在早在建国之前,赵无恤已经和董安于、邮无正两位商量好了举措。
二三月份,在有功将士的期盼下,与当世制度大为不同的赵国《军爵律》开始颁布实行……
ps:12前还有一章
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