番外1 《史记.西秦世家(上)》白话译文
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秦简公时,又向东北占领了张掖以北一千里的居延海,居延海水草丰美,是西北胡族的驻牧地,得到这里,秦国开始接纳因昊朝开边建立九原郡、朔方郡,从阴山逃亡过来的胡人,国力大增。
昊元76年公元前400年),秦简公在位十五年后去世,其子秦惠公继位。
秦惠公时,西秦疆域达到最大,东以陇山与昊朝为界,西至大漠,受西域南道诸国进贡,向南跨越祁连山,拥有河湟、青海,统治诸羌,向北抵达居延海,笼络胡族,人口达到两百万,车骑步卒十万。
昊元86年公元前390年),秦惠公见西秦国量盛,周边都是荒蛮沙漠,无法再拓展疆土。加上此时昊朝第四代皇帝去世,南方有七个侯国举事叛乱,于是秦惠公便联络胡人,攻克了昊朝的灵武郡。
昊元87年公元前389)年,秦惠公想要乘着昊朝内战的时机,夺回雍州祖地,次年帅十五万大军东出,进攻陇关。
陇关守军只有三万,主将叫做吴起,吴起是东郡人,曾经到过临漳学宫,在曾参门下求学,又去琅琊国做过军队的恤,后来又云中郡做官,娶了一个胡人女子为妻。
之前九原、朔方胡人反,云中郡守想任用吴起为将,而吴起娶的妻子却是胡人,因而云中太守怀疑他。当时,吴起一心想成名,就杀了自己的妻子,用来表明他不会对胡人手软。太守终于任命他做了将军,率领军队攻打胡人,把胡人打得大败,彻底平定了九原和朔方。
尽管吴起为人猜疑残忍,杀妻求将,遭到同僚不齿,但昊朝素来以军功定爵职,加上云中太守李克为他说话,说吴起虽然贪恋成名而爱好女色,然而要带兵打仗,就是司马穰苴、孙武再世也超不过他。于是吴起来后来做到了陇阪司马的位置。
吴起做了陇关的司马,因为边关条件艰苦,所以他跟最下等的士兵穿一样的衣服,吃一样的伙食,睡觉不铺垫褥,行军不乘车骑马,亲自背负着捆扎好的粮食和士兵们同甘共苦。有个士兵生了恶性毒疮,吴起替他吸吮浓液。这个士兵的母亲听说后,就放声大哭。有人说:“你儿子是个无名袖,将军却亲自替他吸吮浓液,怎么还哭呢?”那位母亲回答说:“不是这样啊,往年吴将军替他父亲吸吮毒疮,他父亲在战场上勇往直前,就死在敌人手里。如今吴将军又给他儿子吸吮毒疮,我不知道他又会在什么时候死在什么地方,因此,我才哭他啊。”
在吴起在陇关守备了十年之后,昊朝内乱,西秦来攻,灵武郡失陷,北地郡也岌岌可危,旁人都觉得守不住,但吴起认为,秦人虽然来势凶猛,但陇关有大炮,可以守住。他还利用了从邺城运来,却因为容易炸膛,速度也不如弓箭,过去却一直不为将帅兵卒所喜爱的火枪,在陇关一战里,利用大炮和火枪重创秦军。
陇关一战,秦军一半的人战死,连秦惠公也被炮弹所惊,秦国的东出被阻止,还被反攻丢掉了灵武,秦惠公畏惧吴起,再度向昊朝称臣,并将都城从金城迁到了武威。
昊元89年公元前387年),秦惠公旧伤发作而死,他的儿子被立为国君,这就是秦出公。
秦出公继位时才两岁,由母亲主持朝政,重用宦官与外戚。
之前,西秦试图乘昊朝内乱夺回雍州,在陇关大败,在昊朝平复叛乱后,吴起就请求在雍州增兵,以讨伐秦国。
吴起用兵如神,又利用了新的战法和火器,只花了一年,就夺取了秦的陇西、湟中。又一年,攻入河西,西秦几乎没有还手之力,大多数人跟随秦出公投降,剩下的一路败退,退到了最西边的瓜州。
吴起两年内西征两千里,几乎打下了整个秦国,昊朝在这里建立了陇西、西宁、金城、武威、酒泉五个郡,吴起还在酒泉以西建立了嘉峪关,秦国还剩下二三十万人在瓜州苟延残喘。
昊元91年公元前385年),在瓜州鸣沙山月牙泉,秦国剩下的公族在这里集会,准备新选出一位国君,带着秦人寻找一个出路。
这时候,秦灵公的儿子,流亡到昊朝已经二十九年的赵师隰回来了,月牙泉大会上,他被推举为秦国的新国君,这就是秦献公
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