番外11《亚历山大帝国史》译者序(上)
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作者介绍:
《亚历山大帝国史》的作者阿里安Arrian((LuciusFlaviusArrianus‘Xenophon‘,昊元572年——636年),是马其顿安提柯王朝统治时期的军事家、文学家和历史学家,希腊人,约昊元572年(公元96年)出生于希腊尼考米地亚。龙腾小说网ltxsba.com
阿里安出身贵族,自幼受过良好的教育,是雅典斯多噶学派(禁欲主义)哲学家艾皮克提塔斯的学生,年轻时曾赴迦太基帝国的罗马城学习哲学,也游历过大秦埃及行省。
昊元607——613年,他被曾在克里特岛担任总督等职。昊元623年,他在雅典当选为执政官。退出政坛后,阿里安回到故乡,潜心著述。他一生的著述十分广泛,涉及历史、哲学、军事、地理等等,例如《师闻述录》、《俾斯尼亚史》、《大秦的东方》、《大楚与印度》、《论狩猎》、《迦太基游记》等等,但大部分已经失传。只有《亚历山大帝国史》较完整地保存下来,既是他一生著述中最著名的一部,也是古代流传下来的几种有关亚历山大帝国历史著作中比较好的一种。
《亚历山大帝国史》全书一共分八卷,依次叙述了亚历山大帝国对地中海地区长达一百多年的统治,以及兴起、鼎盛,乃至于在迦太基和大秦的夹击下衰亡的历史。
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第一卷:马其顿的早期历史
第一卷前半部分简要追溯了马其顿第一王国的历史,讲述佩尔狄卡斯一世如何带领马其顿人迁徙,后世的国王们如何征服色雷斯人,形成早期国家,在希波战争中依附于波斯。
这一卷的后半部分重点讲述马其顿王菲力二世的改革,以及他在希腊内部诸城邦中建立霸权的过程,直到昊元140年,菲力二世在女儿的婚礼上遇刺,他的儿子亚历山大一世继位。
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第二卷:亚历山大东征记第二卷重点讲述了亚历山大的东征,昊元140年(公元前336年),年仅20岁的亚历山大继承了马其顿王位,并以权谋和武力镇压了希腊人反马其顿运动。底比斯被毁灭,在希腊的一片喧哗声中,亚历山大恢复了统治。
次年,将父亲的死归咎于波斯人,同时而已迫切需要偿还债务的亚历山大组建起一支由3万步兵、5000骑兵构成的东征军,在第二年初春渡过赫沦斯滂海峡,开始了历史性的征程。
在阿里安的笔下,亚历山大的远征军在格拉尼库斯、伊苏斯,一场又一场的大胜理击败了波斯人,然后又南下占领了叙利亚和埃及,自称是太阳神“阿蒙之子”。他亲自勘查设计,在尼罗河三角洲西部,建立亚历山大城,他要它永存人世,做为他伟大战绩的纪念碑。埃及的法老为亚历山大加上了“法老”的称号。
之后,阿里安又笔锋一转,描述了亚历山大的新敌人:秦。秦惠文王赵驷与亚历山大本是盟友,却因为分赃不均而翻脸,占领了下亚细亚的希腊人和占领了波斯的秦人都想得到两河,最终是秦人动作更快一步。
昊元146年春,亚历山大的东征军在巴比伦附近高加美拉的惨败,一万多远征军战败被俘,连亚历山大的爱将托勒密也投降。
随着秦惠文王那一封写给亚历山大的信被送到年轻王者手里,世界的格局也就此注定了。
面对强大的秦军,亚历山大掉头离开了两河,开始巩固归他所有的小亚细亚、叙利亚、埃及。
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第三卷:亚历山大西征记
第二卷是亚历山大的东征,第三卷则是西征。
昊元149年,在效仿波斯制度,建立了埃及、亚细亚、叙利亚、推罗四个郡后,亚历山大回到了马其顿,虽然没能全部获得波斯的遗产,但他依然带回了数不尽的财富,可是他的征服欲望仍未满足,或许就像秦惠文王写给他的那封信里怂恿的一样:“亚历山大,去征服另一半世界吧。
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