第七百一十二章 无眠之夜
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是,但并不全是。
要知道明朝刚建国时,就是太祖朱元璋时期,那个时候的大明耕地没有现在多,人口也没有现在多,工商业也没有现在发达,可是那个时候的赋税收入,完全足够满足这个庞大帝国的运转,无论是大兴土木,还是大规模的对外战争,还是赈灾,都是绰绰有余的。
朱元璋建国后,数次北伐将蒙元打的流亡欧洲;他的儿子成祖朱棣时期,更是连连对外兴兵,五十万大军五次北伐蒙古、几十万大军屡次南征越南,又是修建紫禁城,又是在武当山大兴土木,还有历史上大名鼎鼎的郑和七下西洋,也没见有什么财政危机。
要知道,明朝的赋税制度,从建国至今,基本上没什么变化的。
为什么耕地增加了,人口增加了,工商业发展了,可是按建国以来的赋税制度所征收的赋税却满足不了帝国运转,导致财政危机了呢?
来自现代的朱平安很清楚的的知道根由。
但,遗憾的是现在的大明之士没有多少人知道这一点,当然,或许有人看到了,但是碍于各种原因,或许是顾虑,或许是知其因但无解决知道,没有说出来。
今晚参加廷议的要么是内阁大臣,要么是各部尚书,可是今晚廷议的几个措施,都是治标不治本。
而且有些措施,比如坐派京料银,短期是治标,但长期来看却是得不偿失。
明朝现在的问题,其中最大的问题之一便是土地兼并严重。
明朝的土地兼并太严重了,虽然耕地越来越多了,但是土地的主人却越来越少了,大明的耕地越来越高度集中在少数人手中了。
皇室的皇庄起了不好的头,嘉靖帝的堂兄朱厚照刚继位,就设了七个皇庄,后来又陆陆续续设立了三十多个皇庄,皇庄耕地数量远远超过以前的朝代。
皇室、官僚和缙绅也都不甘落后。
说句不尊敬的话,自己的座师徐阶,现在有多少田地不是很清楚,但是朱平安知道徐阶任首辅的时候,在苏宋老家就占了24万亩良田,拥有几万的佃户;还有现在的首辅严嵩,占有的耕地遍布江西、南京、扬州等地,数不胜数。
根据朱平安在现代查阅的资料,大明京城附近千里,有一半左右的良田,属于土地兼并后的皇室、官僚和缙绅。
土地高度兼并于皇室、官僚和缙绅。
要知道土地兼并的这些主,大都属于大明的特权阶层,根据赋税制度,他们是有特权的。
皇室、亲王、外戚、勋臣享有免除税粮和差役的特权;官员之家悉免其徭役;致仕官员“复其家,终身无所与”;生员除本身免役外,户内优免二丁。
另有无地百姓成为他们的庄佃,即可在其荫蔽之下,免充国家差役。
所以,耕地多了,人口多了,但是赋税却少了。
大明原有的赋税制度,不能应对土地兼并等这些事实了。
未来的张居正变法的一条鞭法,比现在的赋税制度进步了些,让大明恢复了些生机,但也是小修小补。
至少,百年后的清朝的“摊丁入亩”就比一条鞭法进步的多。
当然,除了农业赋税,商业赋税也是存在很多问题......
可问题是,自己知道这么多,又有什么用?!
朱平安坐在窗前,看着漆黑一片的窗外,默默的将春秋左丘明的《左传.曹刿论战》默诵了一遍,让朱平安感慨的不是那句“一鼓作气,再而衰,三而竭”,而是曹刿对同乡所说的那句“肉食者鄙,未能远谋”。
不想坐在台下看戏,想上台表演......
哎......
朱平安又摇头苦笑了笑,也知道不现实,这又不是小说,自己一个小小的六品官,哪有上台表演的资格。
不过,朱平安看向窗外的目光越发的坚定了。
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