第七百九十六章 反了反了
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土家人一向被统称为苗人,连大理国的皇族白族向来也被称之为白苗,直到二十世纪五十年代中期,才正式获得了“土家族”的称谓,确定为自古流传下来的单一民族,与真正的苗族没什么关联。最新地址ltxsba.info
是以明朝对西南众多的少数民主,一律称之为苗。立国后,官府把了解到的各地苗人分为花苗、东苗、西苗、牧羊苗、青苗、白苗、谷蔺苗、紫姜苗、平伐苗、夭苗、九股黑苗、红苗、生苗、罗汉苗、阳洞苗、黑罗罗、白罗罗、八番苗、打牙犵狫、剪头犵狫、本狫家苗、土人苗、桐人、羊犷苗、杨保苗、蛮人苗、狗耳龙家苗、马镫龙家苗、僰人、宋家、蔡家等等。
因苗人居住的地域不同,其风俗各异,语言和服饰也各种各样,汉人很欣赏苗人那些美丽璀璨的服装以及金银头饰。
近年来多有关于苗人的文章刊登在报纸上,盖因汉人的迁入,使之民间不但开始了解苗人的一切,也引发了许多纠纷。和历朝历代采取怀柔之策一样,官府严禁汉人欺负苗人,没有改土归流的地区,苗人不用纳税无需负担徭役。
其中宋家、蔡家、马蹬龙家最受尊敬,因追本溯源,有证可查,乃是战国时期楚国征服了宋、蔡、龙三国后,俘虏的国民被流放西南,所谓流而为苗者,本质上就是苗化的汉人。
这从三族知晓中原礼义,不管是服饰祭祖,婚丧嫁娶,揖让进退,仍然保持着周礼,故此备受士林的称赞。另外白苗、土苗、花苗、东苗、西苗、牧羊苗人数众多,千百年来已经习惯了和汉人比邻而居,即熟苗。与汉人的风俗习惯大抵相同,民风淳朴。
其实上述那些都算是熟苗,真正的生苗隐藏在深山老林中,汉人对其不得而知,甚至熟苗也不怎么了解,就和辽东的野人部族一样,连女真各族都深感畏惧,蔑称为野人。
几个民风淳朴的熟苗外,其他苗人保持着自古以来的彪悍民风,视汉人为侵占他们土地的敌人。明朝立国以来。征讨这些苗族的战役大小不下数百场,几乎年年都有叛乱,因此位于云贵边疆等地的苗人被士林讥讽为不可礼法教,惟土司的官威酷刑方能震慑之。
前世徐灏就对少数民族不甚了了,在明朝就更别说了,来湖南永顺的路上,不得不参考时下的各种文章。
苗族聚居地自古以来就被视为畏途,因文化的隔阂,各种不可思议神奇古怪的传闻都有。天气炎热潮湿,毒物横行,多情而狠辣的苗女,更增添了三分神秘色彩。
如今最令汉人深恶痛绝的是羊犷苗。通汉语,知汉书,喜欢制造毒药,种蛊毒。勾结深山里的生苗到处劫掠各族百姓,危害最大。官兵围剿则逃入深山,根本无从追缉。
对于生苗。明朝的认知是不服土司管束,没有上下之别,男人中的雄强者即为长,聚集数百人,喜欢关起门来称帝,俨然冠冕黄衣而端拱于荒山之巅,受数百人之朝贺口呼万岁。
不管是沐王府还是各地土司皆深感头痛,即使四面围剿把人都杀光了,没过几天又冒出来一群,最终只要不劫杀百姓,任由他们在山上称王称霸。
现在的汉人视苗人,包含了善意,蔑视,嘲笑等等,这也是拥有高等文明的种族对于落后种族的通病心理,方方面面都瞧不起苗人的风俗习惯,又欣赏某些方面,大抵汉民族从来不会仇恨众多的少数民族,汉族的强盛才是四海稳定的基础。
惟有一件事上面,士林普遍承认委实比不上苗人。
那就是龙-阳之风,苗人中有玩背背山的,几乎都被鄙视的自杀了,没有生存下去的土壤,对此很多对男风深恶痛绝的汉人大加赞赏。
士林又对苗人崇拜汉人为之津津乐道,描述山峒间的诸苗男女见到鲜衣怒马带着大批仆从呼啸而至者,举家皆要出来膜拜,大呼道:“快出来睨汉郎!”
睨,视也,俯视的意思;汉郎,汉官也,据此士林往往非常得意,认为其爱慕中国至此。
永顺地处湖南,在后世土家族的人口占到了绝大多数,民族成分相对单一,除了某些风俗习惯,服装的不同外,渊源上和汉人乃源自一脉,文化习俗大同小异,这样的地区很好管理,远非云贵可比。
徐灏和吴景来到了永顺城外,一路上被抽捐抽的都麻木了,长沙省城附近还算有节制,越到偏远地区就越恶劣,过一座桥梁就被扒一次皮,进一个城门就要缴纳一笔税款,谁受得了?
南来北往的客商要么选择绕道,要么跟随官船不下船,一段时间内近乎商旅绝迹,先不论会给湖南带来什么影响,反正当地百姓先是遭了大罪。
还没等接近城门的时候,就见从城里退出来的人如潮水一样,徐灏手疾的把站立不稳的吴景拉到了路旁。
人群后面跟着许多兵勇,一人手里拿着一根竹板子,呼喝喊叫追打百姓,吓得男女老少一个个抱头鼠窜,夹杂着许多妇女。
本来互相之间就拥挤不堪,被士兵们这么一顿乱打,男人还罢了,女人们个个披头散发,哭喊连天,倒的倒,跌的跌,摔得头破血流,又被后面的人疯狂践踏,整个场面惨不忍睹。
人多混乱之际,徐灏也没什么办法,正好有个士兵拎着竹板子气势汹汹的过来,对着个男人疯狂抽打,他上去一把攥住对方的衣领,一拳打了过去。
“哎呀。”士兵捂着眼睛踉跄后退,男人趁机喊道:“反了,官逼民反,咱们反了吧。”
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