第九百八十二章 绍兴师爷
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绍兴城位于浙江省中北部,东连宁波府,南临台州和金华县,西接杭州府,北隔钱塘县与嘉兴县,自古素称“文物之邦,鱼米之乡”。最新地址ltxsba.xyz
夏朝时的绍兴乃越国的中心地带,秦代称为稽郡,晋代改为会稽。从隋朝后,交替称为会稽郡或越州,到了南宋时期,高宗赵构取“绍奕世之宏休,兴百年之丕绪”之意,于建炎五年改元绍兴,升越州为绍兴府,是为绍兴名称之由来。
元代设为绍兴路,元顺帝时期复置绍兴府,明朝沿袭。
作为著名的鱼米之乡,绍兴的陶瓷业和造纸业、丝织品自隋唐以来即久负盛名,宋代时期的制药业和酿酒业更为闻名,酒肆遍布城池各个角落,蓬莱春,女儿红,状元红等名酒誉满江南。
这些年,绍兴府陆续出现了一批酿酒、酱园工场,黄酒的年产量达到了四万吨左右,腐乳和丝绸茶叶远销欧洲。
绍兴在宋朝时期最为辉煌,乃是仅次于金陵的两大城市之一,大明立国以来,依然是最繁华的商业农业重镇,其手工业的发展在近几年极为迅速,促使商业一片繁荣。
这样的江南商业大城,亦是著名的文化中心之一,烟雨绍兴诞生了王羲之、谢安、王献之、谢道韫、陆游、谢灵运、贺知章、王冕、王阳明等家喻户晓的历史名人以及无可计数的官员。
此外绍兴最著名的,就是“无绍不成衙”的官场俚语了。清代,天下书吏之职几乎尽被绍兴人所垄断,而绍兴书吏和师爷的兴起,就是源自于明代,绍兴人的全面崛起最初源自于明万历年间,当时绍兴山阴出生的朱赓辅政,提拔了很多绍兴籍的书吏。这些书吏相互支援,形成了“书吏绍兴帮”。
更早一些的宋代,各地官场就已经喜欢聘请绍兴人担任幕友书吏,最大的原因是绍兴文风炽盛,人才辈出。东晋以来,中原士族一批一批的迁徙定居,形成了好学笃志,尊师择友,弦诵之声,比屋相闻的动人局面和上至士大夫。下至蓬户,耻不以诗书训其子的风气。
绍兴师爷的形成原因很多,一是以明代文武进士为例,绍兴一地竟然多达560人,如此文风的熏陶下,造就了绍兴人普遍文化素养较高。
二来是人口的不断增加,绍兴的耕地无法承载,凡是可以耕种的土地都种上了庄稼,以至水岸田畔。凡可资耕种者,几无一隙之存,加上洪武朝时期的地域歧视,绍兴百姓负担了最沉重的赋税。穷则思变,人们为了生计,办起了蓬勃的手工业、商业等。
而读书人不屑于经商,自然而然的动起了扬己之长。外出给人做幕僚的打算,此乃明朝版的第三产业。
三是科举太难了,通过读书求得功名。是一代又一代绍兴人的奋斗目标,明初绍兴中举者的比例,占到本省的百分之十以上,惊人数字的背后,意味着竞争的惨烈,绍兴人若要考中秀才举人,比起其他地方无疑要困难得多。
尽管古代官场的编制很庞大,那也官职有限,即使不少进士也不得不在家苦苦等待吏部的任命,那先给人做幕僚,再等待机遇,成为很多进士或举人的捷径。
大量举人以下的读书人无法越过科举这座独木桥,也不得不另辟蹊径,或求名,或求生,做书吏自然是最佳的选择,再由书吏而做官。
也有一些读书人选择求财,做了讼师或者干脆经商。
四是古人最讲究个“声气”,绍兴人特别讲究包括乡缘、血缘、师缘等等的亲缘关系,遍布天下的绍兴会馆,提供了交流便利的平台。父死子继,兄终弟及,儿女联姻,使得一代代的绍兴师爷源源不绝,加上绍兴人精明强干,善于案牍的特点,最终近乎垄断了行业,堪称官场上的无冕之王,横行天下,乃封建王朝统治百姓不可或缺的阶级工具。
师爷带了一个爷字,是从满清时期流行起来的称谓,大概明朝时期也有,师爷师爷,等同半个老爷。
清朝之前更多的是称呼“幕府”,后来很多将帅大臣也自称幕府,故此衍伸出了幕僚、幕宾、幕友等相应称谓,社会地位极高。
到了明朝,师爷的地位渐渐两极分化,低阶官员和有钱人家也纷纷聘请师爷,大多称呼为老夫子,西宾,而师爷称主人家为东翁,东家,看似乃传统的宾主关系,实则形成了雇佣关系,等同于半个家仆。
被誉为明代第一才人的徐渭,即典型的绍兴师爷。不过徐渭是嘉兴时期的人物,此刻尚未出生。
绍兴城内,知府莫昌拜见了姚太监,回到衙门后,马上雷厉风行,不动声色的召集各县县令。为了完成任务,他亲自率领各级官员、地方的头面人物、各县各乡的地保里长以及媒婆牙婆等等,挨家挨户的搜寻,务必不漏过一个美人。
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