谈谈匈奴与班超
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汉元帝竟宁元年，匈奴呼韩邪单于娶王昭君，从此对汉以婿自居，约束部众，与汉交好。龙腾小说网ltxsba.com<ABC小说网－无弹窗abcxs.》从此数世不见烟火之警。呼韩邪之后数十年，汉匈之间未有大冲突。直到王莽时期。
王莽是极看不起匈奴的，他上台后，就把汉帝赐给呼韩邪单于的金印给收了回来，又要强分匈奴为十五部，各立单于。这时，就引起了匈奴单于的不满了。这个时候是乌珠留若?单于在位，经过几十年的休养生息，部落已经渐渐强盛了。于是就公然和中国对抗，北方大受其害。乌珠留单于之后的呼都而尸单于也是一样，率部不断入塞侵扰，北方烽烟四起。
这几十年间，又正是中原内乱，征伐不休，一时之间竟然拿匈奴没办法。光武帝派了无数使者前往匈奴赐下钱物，意图休好，匈奴骄恣蛮横，关系根本就没有得到改善。甚至匈奴扶持了一个伪汉帝，割据数郡。幸好后来事情发生了转机。
这个转机就是匈奴的分裂。匈奴为什么分裂呢，因为之前匈奴都是兄终弟及。这是呼韩邪单于和自己的儿子们约好的。所以从呼都而尸以前六代，都是兄弟相及。到了呼都而尸，他要立自己的儿子做单于，就把兄弟知牙斯给杀了。这下就捅了马蜂窝。前代单于乌珠留的儿子比，当时就说了一句话：“以兄弟言之，右谷蠡王次当立；以子言之，我前单于长子，我当立。”当时呼都而尸单于听了就知道比不服，就派了亲信部众监视比。
后来呼都而尸单于死了，儿子乌达?侯立为单于，同年又死了，然后另一个儿子蒲奴继为单于，刚好境内连年旱蝗，赤地千里。乌桓便乘隙来攻。于是匈奴北徒数千里，漠南为之一空。此时比领南边八部，不愿远迁，又怕蒲奴对他下手，索性心一横，自立为呼韩邪单于，率部众就降了汉。这一部人，被称为南匈奴，被安置在河套地区。因为汉人待南匈奴甚厚，南匈奴从此就驻扎边地，巡逻守御，成为我们汉人的打手和卫兵。
到了章帝末年时，北匈奴益形衰弱，南匈奴就想要吞并北匈奴，于是上书汉庭请兵。文书到的时候刚好章帝崩了，和帝继位，窦太后临朝。窦太后就派了自己的哥哥窦宪出兵，大破北匈奴于稽落山，勒石燕然而还。又过了两年，窦宪派左校尉耿夔出兵，又大破北匈奴于金微山。此次出塞五千余里，为有汉以来用兵之最远
。从此之后，北匈奴就远引而去，偶然侵犯西域的，都是它的分部，正支北匈奴西入欧洲，就做了后世的匈牙利人。
从中国本部的北方，逃到漠南，从漠南逃到漠北，再从漠北辗转迁入欧洲，这种种族的大迁移，匈奴也是蛮拼的。
再说说西域。王莽末年，不但匈奴闹事，就是西域也一片混乱。北边几个小国，臣服匈奴；南边出了个莎车国王，四处出兵，降服了众国。到了光武帝再造炎汉，中原鼎定的时候。西域十八国又纷纷遣子入侍，要求中国再派都护，这个时候的光武帝做了一件以后世眼光来看很蠢的事。他可能觉得打了多年仗，中原是个烂摊子，国库又没钱，实在无力去西域折腾了，于是就没有答应西域的请求。于是西域就和中国断绝了关系。
到了明帝时，大将军窦固，派部下假司马班超出使鄯善，以后的故事我们就都知道了，历史中都学过。班超率三十六部曲攻杀匈奴使者，迫降鄯善王。班超回国后，窦固为他请功，明帝便命班超为军司马，这次是真的司马了，让他再出西域。班超也不推脱，仍率三十六人出使西域。
这个时候呢，西域形势又发生了变化，于阗王已经攻杀了莎车王；龟兹王呢，依仗匈奴的势力攻杀了疏勒王，立了自己的臣子兜题做疏勒王。班超先到于阗，又杀匈奴使者，胁降于阗王。同时遣部众田虑，走小道至疏勒，出其不意擒下兜题，然后班超到了便立了疏勒旧王的儿子为国王。于是班超威震西域，诸国纷纷遣使朝贡。汉朝此时出兵打破车师，再立西域都护和戊己校尉，这个时候，应该是西元73年，西域诸国和中国断绝关系已经65年了。
两年后，明帝崩，龟兹等国复叛，攻没都护，朝廷觉得西域事情太繁费，便废掉都护和校尉，并召班超回国。疏勒王怕再受龟兹侵犯，便留住班超不放。五年后，西元80年，班超上书请平西域，章帝便遣徐干率千余人相助，并封班超为西域都护。班超也不负所望，把西域给平定了。
班超一直到西元109年才回朝廷。任尚代他为都护，做得不好，不得诸国欢心。和帝初年，诸国又叛，邓太后起用班超之子班勇，才又把西域给镇定。班氏父子，不愧为我们汉人的大英雄。可惜班勇平定西域，只限于葱岭以东，葱岭以西遂绝。
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