第五章 灼灼其华2
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龙楼光曙景,鲁馆启朝扉。最新地址ltxsba.fun艳日浓妆影,低星降婺辉。玉庭浮瑞色,银榜藻祥徽。云转花萦盖,霞飘叶缀旂。雕轩回翠陌,宝驾归丹殿。鸣珠佩晓衣,镂璧轮开扇。华冠列绮筵,兰醑申芳宴。环阶凤乐陈,玳席珍羞荐。蝶舞袖香新,歌分落素尘。欢凝欢懿戚,庆叶庆初姻。暑阑炎气息,凉早吹疏频。方期**泰,共赏万年春。——《太子纳妃太平公主出降》唐·高宗·李治。
桃之夭夭,灼灼其华。之子于归,宜其室家。桃之夭夭,有蕡其实。之子于归,宜其家室。桃之夭夭,其叶蓁蓁。之子于归,宜其家人。——《诗经·周南·桃夭》
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华夏有周礼,天成大6上亦有周礼,并且,与华夏的周礼大同小异。
华夏周制婚礼,承启上古至****,集成于礼乐开国的西周,扬于君子风范的春秋战国,稳定于华夏诸族最终形成汉民族的时候,在漫漫三千年里始终为华夏婚礼之蓝本,最终蔚成灿烂的云霞。
那时候的婚礼还叫做昏礼。并且,那时候的昏礼没有奢侈的聘礼,没有铺张的排场,也没有喧闹的筵席。昏礼,重的是夫妇之义与结之恩,并不认为这是一件可以喧闹嘈杂的事。
那时候的昏礼简朴干净,没有后世繁缛的婚宴、挑盖头、闹洞房这类繁杂的玩意儿,夫妻“共牢而食,合卺而酳”,而后携手入洞房。次日拜见舅姑,三月后告见家庙,从此,新妇正式融入夫家家族。
那时候的昏服也不是现在人们误解的大红一片,而是端庄的玄色礼服(玄色,黑中扬红的颜色。按照五行思想,是象征着天的、最神圣的色彩)。
并且,嫁女之家三日不熄烛火,在盈盈火光中思念着远去的女儿;夫家也三日不举乐。安慰着思念双亲的新娘……
整个昏礼仪式虽宁静安详,但安静细致的仪式中却有一种震撼人心的力量——
黄昏中开始的那个安静优美的仪式,映照出一个久违的文明气息——那是纯正、优美而伟大的汉文明,直指人心。
后来“昏礼”逐渐变成了“婚礼”,并且举行“昏礼”的时间。也逐渐生了变化。
华夏的婚礼是什么时候慢慢放在白天的已经不得而知了,也许是因为汉代以后的战乱,夜晚不安全的缘故;也许是因为感染了胡俗习惯,再加上后来的婚礼排场逐渐变大,时间变长,也就逐渐放在了上午,这样,欢庆的仪式往往持续一天。
与后世婚礼不同,先秦至两汉昏礼,女父迎婿于门外。礼节甚重,更别说刁难女婿的事了。唐《封氏闻见录》6卷五云:“近代婚嫁有障车、下婿、却扇及观花烛之事。”
自从昏礼有了贺客和婚宴开始,婚礼的世俗欢庆气氛就逐渐扩展。
婚礼的欢庆的气氛本是生民常态,同时也来自华夏周边的风俗浸染。胡俗婚礼多喜庆,后世婚礼的许多杂俗,比如闹洞房,是契丹的婚俗;跨火盆,则来自满族。
原本根据周礼,婚礼是没有盖头的,但后来红盖头却成了世俗婚礼的象征。
仪礼中的婚礼不举乐。无酒筵酬宾的仪节,只在新房中为新郎新娘专设一席。到后世,宴众宾客变成了婚礼必不可少的一项,闹洞房也成了保留节目。
相较于安静细致的周制古礼。后世之人更加熟悉的婚礼流程约莫就是:一拜天地,二拜高堂,夫妻交拜了罢。
《礼记·士昏礼》中有记载,周时婚礼分为六个阶段,一曰纳采,二曰问名。三曰纳吉,四曰纳征,五曰请期,六曰亲迎。俗称“六礼”。
而《五礼通考》曾说,自后齐以来,不管天子庶民,婚礼皆遵循《礼记·士昏礼》中的“纳采、问名、纳吉、纳征、请期、亲迎”六礼而行。
《礼记·士昏礼》以及《礼记·昏义》中的“昏”,原文作“昬”,得名于先民的亲迎礼于黄昏时进行。此时,日月渐替,含有“阳往阴来”之意,讲究天人合一的华夏先民选择了这么一个微妙的时刻,巧妙地诠释了婚义,同时也给这个仪式带上了神圣虔敬的情愫。
后来,当“昏”字加上了“女”字偏旁写作“婚礼”的时候,六礼的最后一礼——“亲迎”便不再限于静谧的黄昏了,当然这一仪式的神圣意识也逐渐淡去,直到被世人所遗忘。
华夏先民重人伦,婚礼很受重视。《礼记》云:“昏礼者,将合二姓之好,上以事宗庙,而下以继后世也,故君子重之。”
华夏先民对昏礼的态度是“敬慎重正而后亲之”,昏礼称得上是“礼之大礼”。
人伦之礼,先讲男女有别,然后才能夫妇有义;在夫妇之义的基础上,才能确立父子有亲,父子的恩义扩展开来,升华到君臣之礼……故此,昏礼乃伦礼之本。
昏礼属于嘉礼之一,嘉礼以亲万民。
华夏周制“昏礼”是后世“婚礼”的范本,后世的婚礼在各种异族文化的交流中有所展,也融合了不少新的习俗,不过从纳采至亲迎、合卺而入洞房,即使内涵风韵数易其容,但基本仪制的结构没有明显变化。
相传华夏最早的婚姻关系和婚礼仪式是从伏羲氏制嫁娶、女娲立媒约开始的。而天成大6上最早的婚姻关系和婚礼仪式,却在合久必分、分久必合,经年征战以及长达数千年的历史洪流中湮没无踪。
《通鉴外纪》载:“上古男女无别,太昊始设嫁娶,以俪皮为礼。”从此,俪皮(成双的鹿皮)就成了经典的婚礼聘礼之一。之后,除了“俪皮之礼”之外,还得“必告父母”。到了****,又出现了“亲迎于庭”、“亲迎于堂”的仪节。
周代是礼仪的集大成时代,彼时逐渐形成一套完整的婚姻礼仪,《仪礼》中有详细规制。整套仪式合为“六礼”。
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