断肠词（二）(1)
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故国三千里，深宫二十年，一声何满子，双泪落君前。龙腾小说网ltxsba.com
——张祜《何满子》
由朱淑真的《断肠词》想到唐人张祜的《何满子》。《何满子》亦名《断肠词》，是唐诗里非常著名的断肠之作。估计四万八千首全唐诗，缩水到一百首，这篇都会入选。
据说这首诗在当时深受推崇。大臣令狐楚，认为这首诗为千古绝唱，于是上表给唐穆宗李桓，并把张祜的诗作也一起呈上。本来有了名流举荐，皇帝赏识，张祜很可能一诗成名，平步青云。这种事搁别的朝代说是神话，然而“以诗入仕”在唐朝却是正常到不能再正常的事情。德宗时，韩翃以“春城无处不飞花，寒食东风御柳斜。日暮汉宫传蜡烛，轻烟散入五侯家。”扬名天下，才名飘忽忽传到皇上的耳边。后来德宗身边缺一个秘书，中书省提供了两份名单，皇上都不太感兴趣。经再三请示，皇上钦点韩翃。当时还有一个江淮刺史也叫韩翃，两人重名，宰相问要的是哪个，圣上批复：“‘春城无处不飞花’那个韩翃。”
可惜张祜没有韩翃的好运，他比较点背，遇上了个横竖看他不顺眼的元稹。于是他的大好前程被元稹“啪”的一声打掉在地。因为身份悬殊，元稹甚至连个理由都没有给他，就这么恶巴巴地把人欺负了。
这件事细说起来，过错全在元稹身上。在张祜写《何满子》之前，元稹也写过一首《行宫》——
寥落古行宫，宫花寂寞红。白头宫女在，闲坐说玄宗。
诗很简单，但余味无穷：那些婵媛婀娜的宫娥们，年轻的时候怀着缤纷的憧憬进到宫中，四十几年后坐在荒废的行宫里互相谈论着往事，会是一种什么样的心情呢？
后宫佳丽如云，除却本身的美貌、智慧，还有身后政治力量的较量。一个普通宫女，不可能常被宠幸。那么闲坐说玄宗，会有以下几种情况：如果是偶尔被宠幸——可能一辈子都活在对那一两次的甜蜜回忆中，闲坐说玄宗的时候可能是津津乐道，自我陶醉；如果她从未被宠幸，但当时可时常亲睹龙颜，甚至时不时地说上两句话——属于比上不足比下有余那种，也算还能接受，认命吧；然而更多的老宫女，一辈子都不知道皇上是何样，一辈子不知道男人为何物，她们围坐在那些有谈资可炫耀的宫女的周围，或苦涩的陪笑，或尴尬的附和，或悄悄地别过头去，泪水打湿衣襟。
“白头宫女在，闲坐说玄宗。”——朝廷的兴衰和个人的际遇，尽在不言中。
张祜的《何满子》写的是稍微年轻一点的宫女，比元稹的《行宫》少了一点寂寥深远的意境，却也就更显得悲剧性。一个女孩十几岁进宫，在宫墙里过了二十年没有感情的生活，生理、心理上承受是怎样的折磨呢？想那贾元春贵为贵妃，回家省亲还忍不住倒苦水——“把我送到那见不得人的去处。”一个普通的宫女，她后半生的希望和憧憬又在哪里？
她的一曲悲歌、两行清泪，给人的震撼无以复加。张祜整首诗没提到人物主体，连一个修饰性的词汇没有，几个名词往一块一摆，就产生了一种不可言传的真切，加上这首诗词义浅白，便于诵记。此诗一出，天下传唱，宫掖内外，没有不会的，连元稹也震动了；张祜的出现让他感觉到一种惘惘的威胁。
忌才这事不算希奇，文人相轻也不是只有唐朝才出的了的事，不过这事涉及了两个大家都比较熟悉的诗人，就有必要说一下了。客观地说，元稹和张祜这两首诗题材一样，写得都是宫怨，一放一收，各擅胜场，很难说哪个更高明一点，但绝对都堪称绝唱。
但是元稹心里并不这么认为。当时张祜的诗轰动朝野，可能着实让他心里不舒服了一下。尽管现在看起来元稹在当时的位高权重，不是一介布衣可比的，而且他留传后世的佳作也比张祜多得多。但从古到今一直有这种人——才高量窄。长江后浪推前浪，前浪不愿死在沙滩上，元稹选择尽力地打压张祜。
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