第八八三章 流年(中)
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表面上看,落实《陈五事疏》,是为了安定人心,向遍布朝野的高党中人证明,沈氏内阁还是会按照前任首辅的路线走下去。龙腾小说ltxsba.com因此不会有大范围的人员更迭,大家可以继续安心当官。
其实明眼人都知道,落实《陈五事疏》的过程,就是内阁权力扩大化和合法化的过程。因为《陈五事疏》所提的五条,御门听政,设案览章,事必面奏,按章处事,章奏不可留中”看起来是一份皇帝练习政务的详细指南。但实际上,却是一份要求权力的政治纲领。
时下所谓“入阁拜相”即官员成为内阁大学士后,朝野便以宰相视之。不仅老百姓和官员这样认为,就连皇帝也公然在谕旨中说“汝等名为阁臣,实为宰相”
但这一切都改变不了一个事实,那就是他们并非真的宰相。
因为本朝不设宰相,内阁大学士虽代行相权,但从制度上来说,这种做法实有暧昧不明之处其实大学士本身只有五品,原属文学shi从之臣,其职责为替皇帝撰拟诏诰,润se御批公文的辞句,说白了就是皇帝的机要秘书。虽然后来内阁的职权就由于处理政事的需要而越来越大,大学士一职也愈发向前朝宰相看齐,但始终无法摆脱有实无名的尴尬他们其实是在替皇帝批答奏折,以皇帝的名义发出诏令,其与司礼监的宦官殊无二致。
权力来自皇帝,就意味着皇帝可以随时将你罢免,断绝你的权力。
现在皇帝只有不到十岁,沈默倒不虞自己突然被罢免,但也正因为如此,再以皇帝名义下达政令,难免会被朝野质疑这到底是皇帝的意思,还是你沈阁老的主意?
还是那句话,名不正则言不顺,言不顺则事不成。先将手头的权力合法化,再名正言顺的行使,这才是王道。最有利的条件是,这件注定要找骂名的事情,已经由高拱做完了最艰难的部分一个月前,便以皇帝的名义批红成宪,并在邸报刊发。沈默只需要打着高拱的旗号,切实落实下去便可。
首先是落实“御门听政”鉴于皇帝正处在长身体、学知识的年纪,每个月只在朔、望两日上朝两次,不必过问平日政务,只有发生大事的时候,才由皇帝召集内阁、部院大臣共同解决:如果没有大事,那么请太后和皇帝就安生地休息,静等皇帝长大。
然后是“设案览章”规定内shi官每日设御案,摆上最新收到的奏章,然后出门,待御览毕,发内阁拟票。内阁票拟后再行呈览,皇帝认为没问题,即可批红发行。这是为了让皇帝练习政体,更是为了向天下人表明,一切旨意皆出圣裁。
第三是“事必面奏”与第二条是同样用意。
重点在第四,第五条,“按章处事和章奏不可留中”上,这两条规定了皇帝的批红必须以票拟为准,若票拟不和圣意,可以打回重拟。如果有未经票拟径自内批的情况,请允许内阁大臣执奏明白方可实施。
而且皇帝不能扣住奏章不发,倘有未发者,容原具本之人仍具原本请乞明旨。为此命通政司在进封奏章时,应将当日奏章数目,开送六科备照,倘有未下者,由科臣奏讨明白。
这后两条,其实匙只招人眼的,原本哪怕是高拱时代已经提请获批,现在落实下去,也会招致轩然o。然而因为之前冯保一区区阉竖,险些矫诏罢免了首辅,令朝野无不震惊。所以这两条政令,便被视为是对冯保事件的痛定思痛,防止司礼监再次作乱而设。
沈默利用了对宦官干政声讨的浪潮,将司礼监的权柄收归内阁,待到浪潮退去,人们冷静下来,也只能苦笑着接受了毕竟,皇帝这鼻小,权力操之于内阁,总好过在死太监的手里。
至此,帝国最高行政机构,终于完成了权力的转移,内阁独揽大权,再无司礼监掣肘至少在皇帝勤政以前,位于皇城东南角的文渊阁,就成了大明朝真正的权力核心。
落实《陈五事疏》以后,另一件事情也刻不容缓了。那就是高拱去后留下的权力空白,需要马上填补。
首先,高拱原先除首辅外,还兼任吏部尚书。现在天官出缺,经由廷推之后,朝中最负重望的大臣杨博,接任子这个职位。
这时候,久病的大学士高仪去世了,加上张居正病休,内阁中只剩下沈默与张四维两个。增补大学士刻不容缓,经过廷推之后,吏部左shi郎魏学曾、礼部左shi郎诸大绶、右都御史陆树声入阁。
高仪还空出了礼部尚书,由南京礼部尚书孙铤接任。
在这一系列人事变动中,沈默始终谨守着廷推的原则,并未干涉过人选的确定,并且通过圣旨明确规定,今后凡是四品官员的任命,必须由吏部尚书主持会推,三品以上官员,必须经由内阁大臣和部院长官廷推方可任命,其他方式无效。
这本就是约定俗成的规矩,沈默只是以圣旨的形式,将其法令化和确定化。而且沈默凸显了吏部尚书的职权,并未使内阁一家独大,而是实行中枢机构的二元制,即天官和首辅分权制衡,这让杨博十分的满意,也堵住了说他要独裁的悠悠众口。
在入阁人选上,除了诸大绶之外,魏学曾和陆树声,都不算沈默的亲信,这又让人看到了首辅大人的一颗公心。然而实际上,魏学曾号称大炮,陆树声是嘉靖二十年的会元,都走出乎名的〖道〗德之士,两人有个共同的特点,那就是没有si党,也不会结党。
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