第八八五章 大婚(中)
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而且老百姓也不站在官府一边,这今年代弃人的主流形象,还是疏财好义的儒商模样,他们用极小部分的钱修桥铺路,赈济灾民,就让老百姓念念不忘他们的好……这在后来的轩然o中,体现的尤为明显。
因为百姓还远未到觉醒的时刻,对于直接录削他们的地主乡绅尚且奉为神明”诚心拥护。更不要说录削手段更隐蔽的商人了……
在这种环境中,官府想不付钱就驱使商人,是万万不可能的。
于是官员们一直想方设法的增加银钱收入。正统元年,东南七省的田赋改折白银纳税,正是代表了官府的这种yu望与政策的变化。不久,田赋外的所有税收,都逐渐以银代物。直到一条鞭法问世,彻底的取消了实物税,只向百姓征收银钱。官府的仓库里,不再堆满了五hua八门的实物,取而代之的是白huahua的银两。官员们终于可以从市场上购买品种更加齐全,数量更加丰富的商品了。
然而官府直接派人去市场,采买名se繁多的货物,显然是极不便利,也不合适的……对于口不言利的士大夫们来说,要跟小民百姓讨价还价,实在是有份,也没那个耐心。
于是另一种被广为采用的形式出现了”那就是招商买办,即是在官府采买与市场供应之间寻找中间人,官府只与中间人联系”一应所需物资,都由中间人采购并运送到指定地点。这种中间人便被称为“买办”一般都是资财富厚的大商人,采买的范围更是林林总总、包罗万象,从粮食到被服、从笔墨到木炭,只要是官府所需,尽数可以拿来招商。
中标的买办商人,可以得到一张由户部签发的保证票,在将指定物资运至指定地点后凭票兑现。然而官府的信誉早已破产多时”商人们担心完成差事后会一无所获,因此在官府的招徕下蹲蜀不前。他们提出,希望官府能将钱先行存入汇联号或日异隆,如果答应的话,他们可以同样存入一笔保证金。到时候完成差事,凭票提钱。若是逾期,甘愿受罚。
一一一口一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一口一一一、一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一一财政权上收之后,地方官府固然从繁重的收解任务中解脱出来,然而从中揩油的机会也失去了,如果没有相应的补偿措施,引起地方官的强烈抵触,简直是一定的。就算有考成法这座大山压着,官员们也是要造反的。
这就是沈默明知道有火耗的存在,却不做任何规定的原因。对于这种无横征之名,却有暗中渔利之实的办法,自然比“淋尖踢斛,之类又费力又被戳脊粱,还得和jian商联手倒卖的法子,要文雅简便的多了,自然大合官员们的胃口。
有子火耗喂着,府县一级的官吏自然心满意足。但对于封疆大吏们来说,他们从来用不着自己去踢斛卖粮食,自然有小得们孝敬真金白银,所以火不火耗,对他们没有任何意义。他们在乎的,是随着财政权上收,手中权力的缩水。尤其对于那些富裕的省份,原先想干什么就干什么,从来不用看户部的脸se。户部反过来还得求着他们,请诸位大爷行行好,多给两个大钱周转周转。
现在一旦财权上缴,就成了他们求爷爷告奶奶,户部的孙子变成大爷子,你想各省督抚能愿意么?
沈默为他们准备了另一份大礼,那就是行政权的下放。简单说来有三点,一、将总督巡抚改为地方官,第二,重设地方行政架构,第三,将一部分任免权下放。这对各省督抚来说,实在是太合胃口了,沈阁老不愧是大家的贴心人,太知道俺们的需要了。
虽然在常人看来,一省的最高首长,就是总督巡抚,而且他们也确实在履行着一省首长的职责。然而打开一份《大明职官录》,你会发现地方官员的架构中,布政使、按察使、都指挥使才是最高长官,根本没有巡抚、也没有总督的影子。
这是因为太祖皇帝为了防止臣子专权,在〖中〗央废除了宰相,析中书省之政归於六部。在地方上,亦废各行中书省,把行省的权力一分为三,置承宣布政使司掌一省之政事,置按察使司掌一省刑名按劾之事:置都指挥使司,负责一省军事。三者互不相属。互相制约,以免地方权重之弊。但就像〖中〗央离不开宰相统领,后来出现内阁一样,地方上三司互相掣肆,遇事难决,才有了巡抚和总督的出现。
巡抚、总督,是两个动词,区别于“尚书,、“布政使,之类的名词xing官名,显然有临时差遣的意思。巡抚的意思是,巡视地方、抚治军民,凡有大灾民乱,需要统合全省力量的力量平定时,国家便会遣使巡抚地方,事毕则罢,故无定员,更无专职。但后来各省的事情越来越多,前一个巡抚还没回去,后一个又来了,如此一来,巡抚间的权限又重叠了。宣德五年,第一批常任巡抚诞生了,一代名臣于谦,便在其列。
总督的出现要稍晚,因为巡抚渐渐偏向民政,而且各种起义叛乱也不会理会省界,往往在数省之间流窜。各省之间难免推诿扯皮,无法齐心协力,便有了总督数省军务的差事出现,同样是因事乃设,事毕即罢。然而对于湖广、两广、贵州、四川、蓟辽、三边、宣大这些边地,战乱是常态化的,常任总督也就应需而现了。@。
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