第1节：中国人丑陋吗？(1)
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中国人丑陋吗？——
为人民文学出版社新版柏杨《丑陋的中国人》序言
冯骥才
人与人确实会擦肩而过，比如我和柏杨先生。龙腾小说ltxsba.com
一九八四年聂华苓和安格尔主持的”爱荷华大学国际写作计划”对我发出邀请，据说与我一同赴美的是诗人徐迟。同时还从台湾邀请了柏杨先生。但我突然出了点意外，没有去成，因之与这二位作家失之交臂，并从此再没见过。人生常常是一次错过便永远错过。
转年聂华苓再发来邀请。令我惊讶的是，在我周游美国到各大学演讲之时，所碰到华人几乎言必称柏杨。其缘故是头一年他在爱荷华大学演讲的题目非常扎眼和刺耳：”丑陋的中国人”。一个演讲惹起的波澜居然过了一年也未消去，而且有褒有贬，激烈犹新，可以想见柏杨先生发表这个演讲时，是怎样的振聋发聩，一石撩起千层浪！其实作家就该在褒贬之间才有价值。我找来柏杨先生的讲稿一看，更为头一年的擦肩而过遗憾不已。其缘故，乃是当时我正在写《神鞭》和《三寸金莲》，思考的也是国民性问题。
国民性是文化学最深层的问题之一。国民性所指是国民共有的文化心理。一种文化在人们共同的心理中站住脚，就变得牢固且顽固了。心理往往是不自觉的，所以这也是一种”集体无意识”。对於作家来说，则是一种集体性格。由於作家的天性是批判的，这里所说的国民性自然是国民性的负面，即劣根性。鲁迅先生的重要成就是对中国人国民劣根性的揭示；柏杨先生在《丑陋的中国人》所激烈批评的也是中国人国民性的负面。应该说，他们的方式皆非学者的方式，不是严谨而逻辑的理性剖析，而是凭着作家的敏感与尖锐，随感式却一针见血地刺中国民性格中的痼疾。鲁迅与柏杨的不同的是，鲁迅用这种国民集体性格的元素塑造出中国小说人物画廊中前所未有人物形象——阿q，遂使这一人物具有深刻又独特的认识价值。当然，鲁迅先生也把这种国民性批判写在他许多杂文中。柏杨则认为杂文更可以像”匕首一样”直插问题的”心脏”——这也是他当年由小说创作转入杂文写作的缘故。故而柏杨没有将国民性写入小说，而是通过杂文的笔法单刀直入地一样样直了了地摆在世人面前。他在写这些文字时，没有遮拦，实话实说，痛快犀利，不加任何修饰，像把一张亮光光的镜子摆在我们面前，让我们把自己看得清清楚楚，哪儿脏哪儿丑，想想该怎么办。
被人指出丑陋之处的滋味并不好受。这使我想起从十九世纪下半期到廿世纪初西方人的”传教士文学”——也就是那时到中国传教来的西方的教士所写的种种见闻与札记。传教士出於对异文化的好奇，热衷於对中国文化形态进行描述。在这之中，对中国人国民性的探索则是其中的热点。被传教士指出的中国人的劣根性是相当复杂的。其中有善意的批评，有文化误解，也有轻蔑和贬损；特别是后者，往往与西方殖民者傲慢的心态切切相关。由於人们对1840年鸦片战争以后那段被屈辱的历史记忆刻骨铭心，所以很少有人直面这些出自西方人笔下的批评。这种传教士文学倒是对西方人自己影响得太深太长，而且一成不变甚至成见地保持在他们的东方观中。这又是另一个需要思辨的话题。
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