第194章 天翻地覆的12月(4)
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这是针对美国石油产业特意制定的规则,非常致命。美国作为传统石油输出大国,在战前和平时期经常以1.5-2美元一桶的价格倾销石油(战前1美元等于2.5-3马克,现在黑市上1美元只能换到2.1-2.2马克),德国确定的8马克价格已超过战前美国石油输出的平均价格不少,难保美国不搞低价倾销冲击。但在这套体系下就对不起了——即便某个欧洲国家能用5马克价格买到美国石油,也必须向欧盟缴纳3马克特别关税和2马克欧盟税,将价格维持在10马克,考虑到从美国运油的实际成本,这样一来就堵死了廉价石油的冲击,也堵住了美国石油工业对欧洲倾销的大门——输出国们举双手赞成。
当然也可能出现相反情况,如世界石油市场价格已上涨到超过10马克,各输出国也必须按规定价格卖给欧洲,在未满足欧洲配给前,opf也不得出口,即所谓的双向市场锁定原则,将欧盟经济与opf牢牢锁在一起。
德国也人性化地确定了涨价原则——除非输出国本身反对调价,或输入国同意涨价更多,否则自1945年起,每3年石油价格自动上涨1马克,构成按8:2比例保持不变。既让输出国后续能看到收益增加,也让输入国知道后续上涨的价格有序确定,可统筹安排国民经济运转。
和平时期世界原油售价基本维持在5马克左右,德国现在定8马克就让中东各国利益得到了保证,因此他们全部都拍着胸脯保证赞同该体系。
霍夫曼对此有着不一样的理解,虽然石油在后世用美元标价一路疯涨,但那更多是美元贬值缘故,他所在时代原油基准价经常在60美元/桶徘徊的价格,相当于二十分之一盎司黄金售价,在1945年代,一盎司黄金本身只要35美元,二十分之一价格也就是大约1.75美元/桶,中枢价值确定并不遥远。
在面对非欧盟国家控制市场时,opf可以自由将配额以外的原油进行市场定价销售——但这种空间只是理论上的,到目前为止,欧洲、非洲、中东已纳入统一体系;南美以拉普拉塔集团为首的各国表态将赞同欧盟体系,能实现原油自由贸易的只有北美和远东市场。
而日本在获悉德国石油4原则后,马上就看明白了“统制经济”的玩法,同样依样画葫芦搞了远东石油4原则——除远东原油用日元标价外,其余差不多都采取和德国一样的策略。虽然日本控制的原油产量不过1100万吨,还不到opf产量的四分之一,但在远东,目前也只有日本一个原油需求大户,相对而言比欧洲更容易控制。
剩下两个主要石油生产国便要傻眼了:美国拥有1亿多吨原油产量,北美根本消耗不掉;东俄拥有1000多万吨产量,同样挤入不了主流市场。用施佩尔的话说:打仗的时候恨不得之际石油越多越好、和自己抢油的人越少越好,和平时候才明白产油多只能是负担,需求越大才越好!
这种以需定产的统制经济模式有一个缺陷:无法自动调节供需间的缺口,过剩无法压缩、短缺无法扩张。这时候就轮到第四个原则——总体平衡原则上场,德国发挥最后稳定器作用进行反周期调节:配额产量过剩时,德国保证以不低于6马克/桶价格进行收储,配额产量紧缺时,德国保证以不高于10马克进行抛售(以上售价均不含欧盟税)。
本来施佩尔将1945年产量配额定为4500万吨,1946年定5000万吨,1947年定为5600万吨,但霍夫曼认为他低估了实际需求,强烈建议将1946年规模扩大到6500万吨,1947年定为7500万吨,虽然施佩尔不明白为什么元首这么有信心一定能消耗这么多,但架不住霍夫曼一句话:“不要担心过剩,过剩收储就好了嘛,即便多1000万吨,也就是7000多万桶的事情,不过5亿马克。”
“可这样也会加大国债压力。”
“怎么会加大国债压力?”霍夫曼大笑起来,半开玩笑半当真地说,“这么小的数字,多印些票子便收走了——不然搞石油马克干什么?”
施佩尔和众人这才恍然大悟:战争期间元首坚持不用印钞机解决问题,并不等于战后不印钞,适量注水是有益于整体经济润滑的。
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