第三百零八章 上计与赋税
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张辽又道：“再比如说，我准备在河东设置敬老居养院，孤儿院，让老有所养，幼有所教，但只有编户百姓才能享受这些资格……再比如说，凡灾年赈济，编户百姓将优先得到赈济……”
“主公，足矣！足矣！”郭嘉不由大笑：“恩须从淡而浓，编户之怨可消矣。”
张辽呵呵而笑。
事实上，对于郭嘉先前所说的减税之策，他也不是没想过，甚至想更进一步，改革税法。
两汉以来的税法有个很大的特点，田税轻而人头税重。
汉高祖刘邦建国后，吸取秦亡的教训，为了与民生息，采取了“轻徭薄赋”的政策，十五而税一，及至文景之时，又有“田租减半”之诏，采取“三十税一”的政策，东汉光武帝刘秀曾经实行过“十而税一”，但不久又恢复“三十税一”的旧制。
纵观两汉赋税制度，除桓帝、灵帝增加亩税十钱以外，一般通行“十五税一”或“三十税一”的实物田租，这个田租实在是很低了，比历代都低。
但两汉的人头税却极重，人头税起于商鞅变法，两汉沿袭，最主要的是口赋和算赋。
口赋是对七岁至十四岁的未成年人征收的“人头税”，不分男女，每人每年缴纳“口赋”二十钱，到了桓灵之时，口赋涨到二十三钱。
算赋则是对十五岁至五十六岁以下成年人征的“人头税”，不分男女，每人每年征一百二十钱，谓之“一算”，对于商人与奴婢则加倍征收，每年二百四十钱。为鼓励生育，女子十五岁到三十岁不结婚者分为五等，每升一等加征一算，有妇女怀孕者，免其夫算赋一年。
口赋和算赋是人头税，什么叫人头税？一句话，只要你这个人活着，就得交税！小时候交的是口赋，长大了就得交算赋！
人头税是交给了大司农，纳入国库，用于治理国家各项费用。
除此之外，还有献费，却是交给皇帝大管家少府的，凡是成年男女，每人每年都要‘献给’皇帝六十三钱，以供宫廷费用。
再者还有关税、酒税、盐税、车船税等一些收入所得税和劳役。
不过对于普通百姓而言，所承受的主要就是沉重的口赋和算赋。
汉朝的体制多是仿照秦朝，税法改革不大，而从后世来看，这种税法的弊端极大！
降低田税而实行人头重税，虽然能在初期迅速恢复发展生产，但很快就造成了一个大问题，也是引发朝代灭亡的问题，就是加剧了土地兼并！
田税轻而人头税重，刺激了富户豪强疯狂兼并土地，因为富户豪强一家的人口是相对固定的，只需缴纳固定的人头税，但兼并大量土地，只需缴纳较少的田税，自己便能获得薄税的大量收入，所以他们越来越富，土地也越来越多。
与此同时，少地或无地的农民收入微薄，但一家人口却不少，收入难以支撑相对沉重的人头税，为逃避难以负担的赋役，他们或托庇豪门，加强了豪强地主的势力，或沦为流民，成为社会动荡的因素，如黄巾起义。
这样，大量的编户齐民从朝廷的户籍中消失，反而加剧了国家的财政危机，进而对寻常百姓加收苛捐杂税，逼得那些寻常百姓也托庇世家豪强，形成恶性循环。
所以税法也是导致汉朝灭亡的一个重要因素。
要对其改革，自然就是稍微调高田租，以亩收税，这样一来，土地多的就多缴税，能够大大缓解土地兼并。与此同时，减免口赋和算赋，减轻百姓压力，鼓励隐藏户口的佃农自己种田。
要知道，这些佃农如今托庇在豪强之下，虽然不用交口赋和算赋，却要给豪强缴纳五成的田租，意味着他们有一半的收入都给了豪强，他们心中又岂会没有怨言？
如果减免了口赋和算赋，田赋便是达到十之一，这些百姓权衡利弊轻重，也是甘愿离开豪强的，对他们而言，获得自由，自己种地当然更有好处。
所以张辽很想改革税法，但他现在没那权力。
税法只有朝廷能制定，如今他还在朝廷治下，估计自己这头一改，那头天子和董卓就要降罪问责，免了自己的河东太守了。
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