第十一章 大建设（三）
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大鱼河南岸的土砖窑仍在日夜不停地烧制着砖块。更多小说ltxsba.com只不过最近一段时间烧的已经不是普通红砖了，而是耐火砖。鉴于接下来将要上马的诸如炼铁厂、炼钢厂等项目巨大的耐火砖需求，执委会决定在土砖窑旁边新建一座20门的轮窑。
轮窑是一种连续生产的砖窑，其在生产过程中产生的烟气可以预热前面的砖坯。一座20门的轮窑生产时，4门在焙烧，7门在预热，5门在冷却，剩下的4门已经在出砖了。随着火焰在窑门间的移动，可以做到连续生产，效率比小土窑不知道高了多少倍。
为此，现在许多需要用砖的项目，除了少数几个得到执委会特批的，大部分都暂停了，为轮窑建造让路。
大鱼河上自从建起了堤坝后，水力资源的利用便提上了议事日程。
首先是水泥厂使用的水力碾磨机。这种碾磨机结构很简单，下面是一个圆磨盘，磨盘中心有一中轴，磨盘上方有一横轴，横轴两端带着滚轮。由下方的水轮带动中轴，进而驱动横轴上的滚轮做滑动摩擦，将原料碾细。水泥厂在堤坝下游一溜建了好几个这种水力碾磨机，一天一夜可以碾磨粉料2吨，劳动效率大大提高。
接下来是工业局下属的机械设计处设计了一个古老的水力锻锤。这个水力锻锤在水轮受水流驱动后，通过曲柄将水轮的圆周运动转化为连杆的直线运动，将锻锤从低处提升到高处，然后再将锻锤往下击打，击打的频率可以通过齿轮组来进行调节。
来自荷尔施泰因的资深木匠布劳恩·贝克带着一帮穿越众二把刀木匠们制作了整套设备，水轮、传动轴、偏心轮、曲柄连杆、齿轮组全部是用硬木制作，至于锻锤本身则是马甲从驳船废钢里找来的一个报废旧锤。
自从水利锻锤被制造出来以后，水泥厂和石灰厂的工人们就被大批地解放了出来，它粉碎起石灰石来效率实在是太高了。不过这玩意儿使用起来虽然方便，故障却也不少。最突出的问题就是齿轮的材料强度不够，木质的齿轮受限于材质，推动力有限，无法将太重的锻锤推上高处，而且还经常容易损坏。当然了，解决这个问题其实很简单，你只需要把现在木质的齿轮换成铁制的乃至钢制的就可以了。
说到这个问题就不得不提正在试图制作石墨坩埚炼钢的马甲了。自动有了石墨以后，马甲就一直琢磨着做个石墨坩埚，好把那一船废钢炼了。他按照找到的资料列出了几种常见的坩埚配方，仔细考虑后，选了一种冶炼高碳钢的配方，其中石墨占50%55%、耐火粘土占38%40%、骨料占5%15%。
配方选定后就开始做模具，模具做了内外两层，用木头制成。马甲准备制作的是50#大小的坩埚，这种坩埚一次能熔炼铁43千克。模具做完后，接着就是加水将石墨、耐火粘土和骨料混合起来做成泥料。然后先将外层模具的底部用泥料铺好，再放入内层模具，接着将两层模具间空隙填满料，压实，这样一个坩埚坯就完成了。
坩埚坯完成后，需要用慢火进行烘干，然后再送到窑里面烧制。马甲一口气制作了整整5个石墨坩埚，烘干后在外表刷了一层防止氧化的釉层，就送进窑里烧制了。
在等待坩埚烧制的时间里，马甲又和手下一帮二把刀设计师们仔细考虑了熔炼炉的设计。计划中的熔炼炉由耐火砖制成，底部设火塘，大小差不多一次能放下6－10个坩埚，采用无烟煤燃烧加热。燃烧产生的废气从烟道进入同样由耐火砖制成的网格状蓄热室，将蓄热室中的耐火砖加热到数百度乃至上千度，然后经由出气管道从烟囱排出。
其实使用石墨坩埚炼钢，完全可以考虑不用建造蓄热室。因为石墨坩埚的特殊性，很容易使坩埚内部温度在加热时超过1600度的钢熔化温度。不过考虑到降低能耗的要求以及将来可能上马的平炉炼钢项目，马甲在设计时还是将蓄热室考虑了进来。
这种设计需要建甲、乙两个蓄热室。两个蓄热室分别一头连接熔炼炉，用厚砖制成；一头经甲乙两根管道与烟囱直通。在两根管道之间，再砌一根丙管道使甲乙之间互相连通。而丙管道又与水力鼓风机相连，且其与鼓风机连接处装一个阀门，使其可以被人工控制向任意一个管道鼓风。
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