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第一百二十八章 以打促和(九)

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最新网址:m.ltxsdz.com

沙丁鱼(sardine)是是硬骨鱼纲鲱形目鲱科沙丁鱼属、小沙丁鱼属和拟沙丁鱼属及鲱科某些食用鱼类的统称。龙腾小说ltxsba.com也指制成油浸鱼罐头的普通鲱(露peaharengus)以及其它小型的鲱或鲱状鱼。

沙丁鱼在香港被人们称沙甸鱼,又称萨丁鱼、鳁和鰯。小者长二寸,大者尺许,下颚较上颚略长,齿不显,背苍腹白,肉美,多用来制为罐头食品。最初在意大利萨丁尼亚捕获而得名,古希腊文称其“sardonios”意即“来自萨丁尼亚岛”。分布于南北纬度6~20度的等温带海洋区域中。

沙丁鱼主要用作食用,但鱼肉亦可制为动物饲料。沙丁鱼油的用途包括制造油漆、颜料和油毡,在欧洲还用来制造人造奶油。同时是世界重要的海洋经济鱼类。

外形特征

沙丁鱼群

沙丁鱼为细长的银色小鱼,背鳍短且仅有一条,无侧线,头部无鳞;体长约15~30公分(6~12吋)。密集群息,沿岸洄游,以大量的浮游生物为食。主要在春季产卵,卵和几天后孵化的幼鱼在变态为自由游泳的鱼前一直随水漂流。

生活习性编辑

沙丁鱼为近海暖水性鱼类,一般不见于外海和大洋。它们游泳迅速,通常栖息于中上层,但秋、冬季表层水温较低时则栖息于较深海区。多数沙丁鱼的适温在20~30左右,只有少数种类的适温较低,如远东拟沙丁鱼的适温为8~19。沙丁鱼主要摄食浮游生物,因鱼种、海区和季节而异,成鱼和幼鱼也有不同。如金色小沙丁鱼成鱼主要摄食浮游甲壳类(包括桡足类、短尾类幼体、端足类和糠虾),也摄食硅藻;幼鱼除摄食浮游甲壳类幼体外。也食硅藻和甲藻类。金色小沙丁鱼一般不作远距离洄游,秋、冬季成鱼栖于70~80米以外深水,春季,沿海水温升高鱼群向近岸作生殖洄游。仔、幼鱼化后在沿海索饵成长,夏季逐渐随南海暖流向北洄游。秋季表层水温下降,遂向南洄游。至10月以后鱼体已成长至150毫米以上时。由于沿海水温降低而逐渐转栖于较深海区。

小沙丁鱼属在1龄或2龄开始性成熟,春、夏季为生殖期。怀卵量随种类和个体大小而有变化,多半在10万粒以下。卵球形,浮性,成熟卵径约0.6~0.9毫米,初仔鱼长约2.3毫米。

远东拟沙丁鱼是沙丁鱼中产量最高的鱼种。分布于日本近海,可分为4个群系,即太平洋群系、日本海群系、足褶群系和九州群系,其中以前两个群系较大。远东拟沙丁鱼的产卵场位于日本诸岛的近海。黑潮和沿岸水交汇的海域,但各海区、各群系的资源量及主要产卵场位置时有变化。怀卵量通常为27000~84000粒,产卵适温12~19。生殖在半夜进行。在17.5水温下,受精卵经56小时孵化。孵化期和仔鱼期的死亡率甚高,受精卵在孵化时已死亡70%,到受精后约50余日(仔鱼全长约17毫米)时存活率不到1‰。仔、稚鱼期主要摄食桡足类的无节幼虫。稚鱼至幼鱼期逐渐增加植物性饵料(硅藻等),但主要饵料还是浮游动物。在产卵场附近索饵生长的幼鱼长大到8厘米以上时于夏、秋季(6~10月)北上进行索饵洄游,秋季北方水冷。又逐渐南下。2龄达到性成熟,体长约212毫米。体重约116克。

沙丁鱼属仅沙丁鱼1种,又分成欧洲沙丁鱼(s.pilharduspilh-ardus,主要分布于欧洲沿海和非洲西北岸)和地中海沙丁鱼(s.pilhardussardina,主要分布于地中海)2个亚种。

拟沙丁鱼属共有5种,即:远东拟沙丁鱼sardinopsmelanostita,分布于日本本州东部、九州西南部、日本海和对马海峡。在黄海北部有时也可捕到)、加州拟沙丁鱼(s.oe乳lea,产于美国加利福尼亚州沿海和加拿大西部)、南美拟沙丁鱼(s.saa,产于南美洲的智利和秘鲁沿海)、澳洲拟沙丁鱼(sopilhardus,产于澳大利亚和新西兰)和南非拟沙丁鱼(s.oellata,分布于非洲南部、安哥拉和纳米比亚等地沿海)。

小沙丁鱼属种类最多。共有20余种,分布于印度西太平洋各海区的就有16种,如长头小沙丁鱼(sardinellalonieps)、金色小沙丁鱼(s.au-日ta)、鳞小沙丁鱼(s.imb-日ata)等;太平洋东部有3种,即艮带小沙丁鱼(s.sto-liera)、巴拿马小沙丁鱼(s.th日s私na)和大眼小沙丁鱼s.marophthalmus);大西洋西部也有3种,即金色小沙丁鱼、巴西小沙丁鱼(s.bra私lien私s)和百慕大小沙丁鱼(s.pinnula);大西洋东部有4种,即金色小沙丁鱼、马德拉小沙丁鱼(s.maderen私s)、厄巴小沙丁鱼(s.eb-a)和喀麦隆小沙丁鱼(s.ameronen私s)。中国沙丁鱼类主要为小沙丁鱼属约10余种,以金色小沙丁鱼和裘氏小沙丁鱼(s.jus私eu)产量较高。中国沙丁鱼类主要为小沙丁鱼属约10余种,以金色小沙丁鱼和裘氏小沙丁鱼产量最高。沙丁鱼体延长、侧扁。腹部具棱鳞,体被圆鳞,无侧线。

沙丁鱼属(sardina)集群性洄游鱼类。分布于东北大西洋、地中海

沙丁鱼近

沙丁鱼

沿岸,中国不产。

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