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第四十九章 敲打

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readx;张瀚等人的模样装束,实在和普通的村人差的太远,虽然张瀚不喜锦衣华服,但衣袍还是用的宁绸,裁剪得体,腰间还挂着玉佩饰物,头上一顶凉帽遮阳,若是那些公子哥儿出行,少不得还在腰间佩剑,手中还拿着折扇,张瀚自觉自己武艺平常,火铳是一定带的,靴页子里还藏着一柄精钢打制的锋锐匕首,宝剑折扇一律没有,就算这样,他的装束打扮在这里也是十分出众,乡下人难得一见。龙腾小说ltxsba.com

瞧着那些小子均是光着身子,五月的天虽是太阳有些晒人,还远未到可以不穿衣服的地步,且脚上也是无鞋,个个黑瘦黑瘦的,在地上滚的泥猴子一般,张瀚心中明白,只怕自己家的这庄子的庄户们,日子也过的十分紧巴。

当下他没有出声,仍是继续前行,到得村庄里头时,不少庄户停了手中活计,听说是田主东家来了,不少人跑到路边跪下行礼,张瀚脸上带笑,吩咐他们赶紧起来。

村中九成的房屋均是用泥和草筑成,这种房子最怕雪压,雨水若多了也不成,会有塌倒的危险,一般的草房,每年均需要修葺一番,加固和换上新草,这两年雨水很少,张瀚扫视过去时,见各家的草房均是十分陈旧,看来这几年均是没有翻新过。

村子正中有一座祠堂,是少数的青砖砌成的砖瓦结构的房屋,另外便是李祥符所居的院落,正中也是三间瓦房。

李祥符让着张瀚进了院子,浑家奉上茶来,张瀚喝了一口,这是村中的山泉水泡的,茶叶一般,水倒是不错,有一种微甜的感觉。

“东家,今年的年成委实不好……”

各人坐定了,李祥符就是开始诉苦,听他说来,今年冬天又是雪多,然后过了冬天后几乎一场雨也没下过,李家庄这里有三成土地是水田,还可以勉强引水入地,七成的地是旱田,缺水使得土地普遍减产,原本水田的平均亩产是三石到四石,现在只有不到三石,旱田的原本的平均亩产是两石左右,现在只有一石多些。

这庄子每季麦子能收六千石左右,张瀚家里应得三千石,佃农还要按季节向张府提供鸡、鸭、猪、鹿等肉类,还有布匹,庄上每年还要派壮丁到张府轮流服役,现在府里头的轿夫和看门的,还有花匠就是这庄上去的,除了供饭,张府不需要给这些钱半文钱。

这是当年买庄子里定下的标准,立契之后,按道理来说是不论水旱,村民们均需交给田主这么些粮和相应的物品,若交不起,田主可以退租夺佃,反正人多地少,只要有地,不愁没有人来种,如果田主和官府关系好,可以叫衙门出票,将逃佃违约的佃户拿去打板子,其实这样做的田主很多,只是张家耕读传家,比一般的田主要厚道些,很少做这样的事。

这个村庄丁口数很多,田亩数字却并不多,若按唐时的授田标准是远远不达标,每个壮丁才拥有五亩左右的土地,张瀚心中默算,按李祥符说的这样的平均亩产,交出近半给自己以后,每家的麦子只剩下不到六石,也就是不到八百斤。

过了夏天村里会种些糜子,高粱,豆子,小米,也有一些人开始种玉米,这种外来作物在沿海地区种的较多,张瀚留心过,玉米现在产量很低,估计要经过漫长的选种改良才会渐渐变的高产,好在玉米耐旱,而且对土地要求不高,坡地和旱地都能种,渐渐已经有不少人喜欢种它。

番薯也有人种,产量也是极低,但这东西用来肥田很好,有一些地肥力不足,会有人种上番薯恢复地力,并没有指望能收多少粮食。

这些杂粮被统称为谷子,产量都很低,山西的夏税是七十万石,秋粮是二百万石,合计二百八十万石,两税已经全部折银,加上差役折银,每亩地折银二钱左右,这一部份是张瀚这个田主出,不需佃户操心。然而地方对中枢法令阴奉阳违,据张瀚的了解,条鞭法在万历末年时在全国各地都是名存实亡,张居正当年的改革,要紧的就是先清丈,然后差役和田赋折银,一则增加国家收入,将大户们的隐田查出来,将丁银摊入田亩,这样国家收入就增加了,二则就是减轻农民负担,现在这种精神名存实亡,土地大多还在亲藩勋贵大士绅将门手中,他们仍然大量占田和隐田,仍然不纳赋税,更多的负担转嫁到了中小地主和农民身上。

拿李庄来说,张瀚这个田主负担较以前要重的多,他要缴纳好几百两银子的税收,占土地收入的一半还多,而地方上还照样再收一份差役银,这是按人丁徭役折银,仍然落在每个佃农身上,田主为了转嫁损失,需得更进一步剥削自己的佃户,而官府的白榜照样征差役银,各地均是如此,农民身上的负担不仅没有减轻,反而是加重了很多。

在山西这样的地方,商业只在边境贸易地区发达,财富集中在亲藩和大商人手中,普通百姓比南方要穷困的多,主要收入来源只是土地,负担就显的尤其的重了。

“真是不入其中,不得其貌,不得其貌,不明其理啊。”

张瀚心中忍不住感慨着,怪不得明朝表面上的地税很轻,而百姓的负担还是很重,特别是北方农民,在万历末年到天启崇祯,大量的农民卷入造反队伍之中。

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