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第811章

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李孝恭想了想,答道:“依大唐历来之法,当以其地置州县,敕其部族首领世袭为治,自治其事物,行进贡,然须忠于朝廷,遵从陛下旨意行事。之前征伐突厥,虽收突厥战俘为徭役,却也仍置州自管,左置定襄都督,右置云中都督,二府统之。似此之地,为羁縻之州。”

夏鸿升点了点头,心里却暗道不好。

羁縻州是指古代朝廷在边远少数民族地区所置之州。以情况特殊﹐因其俗以为治﹐有别于一般州县。相当于现在的自治区。

羁,马络头也;縻,牛靷也,引申为笼络控制。中国设羁縻州,正是始于唐朝。唐朝对一些边远少数民族采用羁縻政策,承认当地土著贵族,封以王侯,纳入朝廷管理。

唐朝的羁縻制度有三种情况。第一种,是在唐朝军事力量笼罩之下的地区设立的羁縻州、县,其长官由部族首领世袭,内部事务自治,行进贡,但是负有一些责任,如忠于中央政府、按照要求提供军队物资等等。朝廷将其视为领土的一部分,文书用“敕”。第二种,是内属国,如南诏、回纥等,一般封为可汗或郡王,有着自己的领土范围,但是其首领的政治合法性来自于中原政府的册封,不能自主,中原政权将其视为臣下,文书用“皇帝问”。第三种,是所谓的“敌国”和“绝域之国”,如吐蕃、日本等,虽然可能亦有册封,然多为对现实情况的追认,其首领的统治合法性并不依赖中原政权的册封,中原政权的文书多用“皇帝敬问”。

到了后来的宋朝,其进一步加强了对第一种情况的羁縻州、县的控制,在部族首领之外,加派中原政府任命的监管官员。元朝时逐渐演化为土司制度。历经明朝小规模和清朝大规模的改土归流,直到新中国成立,才正式废止了土司制度。

这不行啊!

夏鸿升摇了摇头。

羁縻州其实质是“以土官治土民”,承认各少数民族的世袭首领地位,给予其官职头衔,以进行间接统治。实际上呢,朝廷的敕诏实际上并没有能够得到真正的贯彻。有些土官以世袭故,恣肆虐杀百姓,为患边境,汉民被其摧残,夷人受其荼毒。对内残暴统治属民,对朝廷叛服不常,骚扰与之接壤的汉民,甚至内部发生械斗或是战争,互相残杀。实际上形成少数民族割据。

后世里,明清二朝都实行过改土归流,即在条件成熟的地方取消部族首领世袭制度,设立州﹑县,统一由朝廷派遣流官进行管理,就是在解决这种羁縻制度留下的弊病。因为明清时候的土司制度,其实就是羁縻制度的发展,并无本质区别。

这种少数民族制度在生产力水平不高、交通不便、民族文化差异巨大的情况下,曾起到一定的积极作用。但是,世袭的部族首领世代受封,独霸一方,借助朝廷的扶植而发展自身,对朝廷叛服无常。朝廷积弱,就趁火打击,朝廷强大,就再俯首陈臣,恶性循环。

“贤侄为何摇头?”李孝恭看见夏鸿升皱眉摇头,于是问道。

夏鸿升叹了口气,答道:“小侄觉得,这种处置其他部族的法子,不太对路啊!”

李孝恭哈哈一笑,说道:“这倭国还没拿下来呢,你这肚子里面是又要搞甚子幺蛾子了?”

...

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