第874章 商家
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未成学派，并不代表其学术思想、理念就不好，反而有时候是因为太过超前，又或是同当时主流之价值观不相符合，故而为人所疏远，未能成其流派。
这商家便是其中之一。
商家名不见经传，亦未能形成流派，同自周朝开始的重农抑商的政策原则有分不开的关系。古人对工商的态度有过数度戏剧性的转变。远古的中国人似乎并不轻商。早在殷商时期，人们是乐于和善于经商及从事手工制造业的。
周朝的建国者们在反思商朝灭亡的教训时认为，殷商之亡就是因为民众热衷工商而荒芜了农业，造成民心浮躁，国基不稳，因此，转而推行鄙视工商的重农政策。在周制中，工商业者的地位变得非常低贱，“百工”常与于奴隶并列。
然而在先秦时期，因为天下纷乱，“礼乐崩坏”的缘故，商业和商人，及至于手工业者，却曾有过一段极短时间的蓬勃时期。
士、农、工、商四个阶层的划分，是出自春秋时期，齐国的国相管仲。他主张把国民分成士、农、工、商四个阶层，按各自专业聚居在固定的地区，是为“四民分业”。这种专业化的商品经济模式，两汉以来都被尊奉为基本形态及指导原则。
“四民分业”表面上看是对殷周古制的继承，其实却有很大的差别，其根本性的不同是，把“工商”与“士农”并列，同视为“国之石民”。所以管仲在对士农工商阶级划分之初，并没有优劣贵贱之分的。
《六韬·文韬·六守》之中亦有云：大农、大工、大商谓之三宝。农一其乡，则谷足；工一其乡，则器足；商一其乡，则货足。三宝各安其处，民乃不虑。无乱其乡，无乱其族，臣无富于君，都无大于国。六守长，则君昌；三宝完，则国安。
管仲自己，便是商家轻重之术的集大成者。
然开创商家之学术者，乃名计然。故商家亦名计然家。
这个计然可是一个厉害的人物，他精通商略经济之学，善于从经济学的角度来谈论治国方略。博学无所不通，尤善计算。后人尊称为“商圣”的越大夫范蠡，尊计然为师。计然于是乃授范蠡七计。范蠡用这七计辅佐越王勾践，只用其五而灭吴。
计然是中国的第一个商业理论家，因其将商家轻重之术化为理论，故而商家之策，亦曰计然之策。
计然之策”，其特点一是要根据生产规律来决定经营方式，强调重视储备，即“知斗则修备。”二是要求根据市场供应关系来判断价格的涨落，即“论其有余不足，则知贵贱。”三是要求国家用调节供求的经济办法来控制物价，使之保持在一个合理的幅度之内，做到对产销双方有利。四是要求注意商品的质量，以“务完物”。五是要求注意加速商品和资金的周转，“财币欲其行如流水”。
这几条“计然之策”，就算是放在后世里，也是十分具有正确性和积极意义的。
要兴商，要管商，首先得有人要懂商。
凭夏鸿升那些经济学常识，只怕不够。可若是能将之融合，共同深研，足以形成一套初步的商业理论了。
“好！好！”夏鸿升顿时喜不自胜：“太好了！真是天助我也！”
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