第三百三十五节 马甲议事规则
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每次投票的有效票数必须是参加会议人员的90%以上,一般的议案采用简单多数原则,只要赞成票超过51%即算通过,人事选举和重大决策采用绝对多数通过原则。
马甲花费精力最多的,还是在制订会议规则上。所谓全体大会在本质上就是议会,而这个议会该如何来开会确保讨论的质量,全体穿越众大约没有一个人是有经验的。
马甲见多了国人讨论问题时候的各种表现:要么是漫无边际的跑题,讨论言不及义;要么“一言堂”,话语权被领导、专家和话多的人垄断;要么就是讨论很热烈,始终没结果。要么就是野蛮讨论,,抓住别人言语中的一个词或者漏洞不放,进行人身攻击。这些问题是特别要避免的。
当然,这和所谓国人的国民性没有多大关系,早年的欧美议会,类似的问题一样普遍存在。以至于英国议会要立法禁止议员携带武器进入会场,以免政见不同拔刀相见。要解决这些弊病就得建立一套完整有效的会议规则制度。马甲很自然的就想到了要引入《罗伯特议事规则》,这是源自英国议会规则的会议规则,在欧美国家的使用的非常广泛。更重要的是国内也有很多企业或多或少采用了这种规则,有一定的普及应用基础。
罗伯特规则有一整套避免野蛮讨论的方法:它规定主持人中立,人人有机会发言,并且规定了每人的发言次数;它要求辩论双方发言前举手起立,向主持人陈述,而不得互相质疑。规则还禁止延堂脱时、强行要求发言和在别人发言之时插嘴。
公开讨论问题的时候,只要不是橡皮图章式的议会就不会显得很和谐很团结,唇枪舌剑是起码的,个别水平较低的议会还要为政见言论动手。至于国人,现实中马甲没有见过多少激烈的辩论场面,但是bbs上的讨论他是见识过的――现实中不敢表露的恶毒和尖酸刻薄全部在这个虚拟空间里喷薄而出。
可以想象,在目前这个穿越众差不多是毫无顾忌的新时空里,一场公开大讨论会演变成什么。如果没有一套硬性规则加以限制,马甲毫不怀疑会出现野蛮讨论的场面,人身攻击,问候人祖宗直到大打出手恐怕是常见的戏码。
为了避免野蛮讨论,议事规则中最重要的一条规则是,不能以道德的名义去怀疑别人的动机。这背后有一套专门的理论:一来动机不可证实;二来会议要审议的是某件事情,不是某个人,对动机的怀疑和揭露是对议题的偏移;第三,利己是人类共性,在不损害他人的前提下,追求利益最大化并不为过。
马甲认为这是临高元老院开会必须最关注的一点,其他诸如开会的时候跑题,虽然很严重,但是并不致命。至于会议上最容易出现的领导专家“一言堂”,众人随大流、“打酱油”、“抱粗腿”的现象在本时空的政治格局还没有确立之前是不会流行的――没有危险的前提下争夺利益是人人都乐意做得事情。
正因为权力的格局还没有确立,及时的把一套制度贯彻下去才能充分保证穿越集团内部的民主。等到权力架构稳定下来,既得利益团体壮大,再想搞这套就会很困难。到时候不采用暴力手段恐怕是无法让既得利益团体把吞下去的东西再吐出来得――而内部使用暴力就是覆灭的开始。
但是《罗伯特议事规则》全书的中文版有近600页,是部不折不扣的大部头书,里面牵涉的内容非常广泛。规则定得太多太复杂了,别说与会者没兴趣遵循,就是主持会议的人大概也记不全。必须加以简化适应环境。
筹委会经过讨论之后,把这个议事规则简化为一整套简便的会议规则,后来这套规则被称为《马甲议事规则》,在此规则,首先是会议设有主持人,这个主持人专门负责宣布会议制度、维持会场秩序、执行会议流程,同时发配发言权――这是会议主持人最重要的权力之一。所有与会者发言前必须举手,不管是谁也不允许随意来一句“我先谈一谈此事的意义”或者“我再补充几点”之类的插。谁先举手谁优先发言,但是发言者必须得到会议主持人的允许之后才能发言。
发言的时候必须起立走到发言席旁发言,否则发言一概无效。每人每次发言时间不超过2分钟,计时从他抵达发言席开始。但是从他得到发言允许到发言结束总得时间必须在3分钟之内――马甲做了精确的测算:一个与会者从会场最远的座位走到发言席上,正常步速大约40秒就能走完。以免有人利用这段路程拖延会议时间。
时间一到会议主持人有权立刻打断发言。主持人一旦打断发言,发言人必须无条件服从,不得霸占讲台或者在发言席上继续发言。超时发言一概无效。为了确保这个规定的有效性,发言席上的话筒有一个开关被连接在会议主持席上,主持人可以随时关闭这个话筒的扩音器。
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