第五十三节 造币工艺
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一直到18世纪，来自西班牙的机器冲压的地球双柱币流入，因为成色形制标准，图案精美。携带方便，正反面的凹凸图案和压制的“花边”使得过去“剪边”、“磨屑”的舞弊手法受到极大限制，银币重量有了保证，完全可以按枚计值，毫不夸张的说，银元能在乾隆年间取代秤量碎银成为沿海地区记账标准，地球双柱在华的大量流通有着开启鸿蒙的功劳。
程栋之所以力推机制银币，很大程度上也是看到地球双柱在华流通的成功：民间并不是没有对计数银币的需求，只不过是条件不具备而已。地球双柱币纯粹靠着商业流通取得了如此大的成功，充分说明了机制银币的优越性和可行性。
财政省拿出的铸币方案是铸造三种银币。分别是一元、半元和四分之一元。同时发行等额的纸币。小额辅币全部发行纸币，以分为单位，发行10分、5分、2分、1分和半分。一元兑换一百分。
之所以要发行半分辅币，主要是考虑到市面上的白银一两兑换的钱数高达几千文，即使是属于“好钱”的宋钱或者永乐钱，兑换率也得七八百文。1分的价值太大就会难以担负起小额辅币的作用。
作为基准货币的银元一元，由银87.5％，紫铜12.5％的合金冲压而成，每枚重量27克，直径31mm。尺寸成色和旧时空在中国广泛流通的地球双柱、袁大头、墨西哥鹰洋大致相同。
至于半元和四分之一元，尺寸相应缩小之外，含银量也同比下降，半元和四分之一元的含银率减为60％。
之所以辅币的含银量较低，是因为辅币的铸造成本除去币材本身之外，和一元相差无几。但是流通价值却打了折扣。
用作铸材的白银和紫铜，均由临高的有色金属冶炼厂使用电解法冶炼出来得99％纯度的材料。以确保铸币的成色调配准确。
“这个比例和尺寸倒是没什么问题，”负责开模的梁信说道，“不过模具怎么处理？我没搞过钱币的模具，这个图案挺复杂的，虽然不算微雕，可是也够小的……”
桌面上是由学艺术的元老绘制的银币的图案。正面是“壹元”楷书，环以麦穗图案，下方是小字体的阿拉伯数字的发行年份。反面是启明星照耀下的地球。地球上环绕着飘带，上面有四个拉丁文：s.p.q.m.（色natuspopu露squemagnus伟大的元老院和人民）。
其他半元和四分之一元正面除了面额不同之图案完全一样，反面的图案半元为圣船，四分之一元为元老们私下称之为“铁拳暴菊”的国徽图案。
“图案雕刻不用你费心，咱们有能工巧匠来搞这事。先再大得，再用缩比法做小的就是了。”王洛宾虽然已经成了元老院主席，但是在这方面依然按耐不住技痒，亲自来参加会议了。
设计好硬币图样先由雕刻匠人做成立体的石膏图案。石膏图案体形巨大，通常直径在半米到一米之间。这样大的体积使得硬币图案可以十分精细。一旦图案制造完成，就再用石膏做成倒模，然后倒模由归化民工匠小心翼翼地拓上极薄的金箔。这个拓上了金箔的倒模随后被送去电镀，镀上一层较厚、较结实的铜层。
镀了铜层的倒模被放上缩比车床，用来将倒模上的图案转移到与硬币实际大小一致的钢制母模上。缩比车床实际是利用杠杆原理制造的，配备有用四连杆机构缩比控制夹持模具的平台。
倒模被放在一个旋转的架子上，一只铁笔紧贴着倒模。随着倒模的转动，铁笔就在图案表面的高低起伏而上下移动。铁笔的运动通过杠杆被转移到车床另一边旋转的小直径的硬质圆头铣刀上。铁笔每在倒模上转一圈，刀头也相应地在钢制工件的表面留下一圈图案。等到铁笔把倒模每一处都扫到，刀头也就加工出了一个按比例缩小的母模。这个母模被修整一番之后，就用来压制硬币模具。
由于模具采用的钢材颇硬，所以压制的过程不能一次完成。每压入五分之一的行程，就需将模具取出，放入回火炉内回火，待材质变软后再行压制，直到压制完全完成。每个完成的硬币模具可以压制约十万枚硬币。仅仅二十个模具已经足够在一天内压制两万枚硬币，几周之内就可以把元老院所有的金银全部压成硬币了。()
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