二百三十二节 说客
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“请先生一叙,学生洗耳恭听。”
“张先生也是治史之人,想来也知道北地的戎狄向来是缺铁的。”刘三好整以暇,先从讲古开始。“昔蒙元自逃归漠北,铁器来源断绝,以至以骨为箭;东虏起兵作乱时,起家的家底也不过是祖传的十几副铠甲。辽、金、蒙元倒是军备齐整,然究其原因,不过是自辽时得了儿皇帝献的燕云之地,有了汉家子为其耕地、作冶,故而辽、金、元三朝强于史上诸胡。”刘三开始传播他的工具史观。
其实这论点是有问题的,且不说吐蕃,便是同为北方戎狄的西夏,它的冶铁业便很发达,铠甲兵器极其优良,而且它并不占据燕云十六州;隋唐的突厥人在草原上炼铁作兵,也不靠汉人工匠。
张岱点头,蒙古人缺铁他是知道的。当时晋商的一个大买卖就是走口外,贩运蒙古货,一本万利的勾当,而铁锅又是蒙古人最喜欢的商品之一,至于蒙古人是不是真得需要这么多的铁锅,那就不关商人的事情了。不少北方的缙绅掺和这种生意。在京师算是公开的秘密。
刘三也点头回应道:“既然缺铁,那就是有需求。有需求就有市场,有需求就有利润。澳宋一位大贤说,‘如果有10%的利润,它就保证到处被使用;有20%的利润,它就活跃起来;有50%的利润,它就铤而走险;为了100%的利润,它就敢践踏一切人间法律;有300%的利润,它就敢犯任何罪行,甚至绞首的危险。’”说完这句元老们人人知晓的“名言”,刘三故意顿了顿,等待张岱消化这句。
虽然对“百分之多少”的表述不习惯,但张岱这几个月来读了不少澳宋书报,也知道10%就是一成,100%的利润就是“其利倍之”,脑子里稍微转化了一下,就迅速理解了这句。“此言大妙!商贾逐利之本性昭然若揭!”张岱击节而赞。
“说句实话,铁器最大的需求还是日用铁制品。一家之中,铁锅重几斤,锄头、犁头又重几斤,钉子什么的零零碎碎,合起来也有斤把,摊到每个人头上,每人分得一两斤铁总是有的。全用刀枪的军队能用多少铁?大头兵多是矛手,一杆长矛看着大,矛头才几斤铁?一壶羽箭,只算箭头,也没几两铁。”刘三继续剖析道。
张岱虽未见过正兵、战兵,但南京好歹也是两都之一,常备军虽然松懈,但架子还在那里,旧时与社中人同游南京时,也曾观望过。现在一回想,别说大头兵用不了几两铁,便是一些百户、试百户之类的军官,配的衣甲都是纸甲,身上真正的铁器也不过是一把装样的刀剑,想来也不过几斤的分量。
可是一牵扯到火器,这用铁的数量就大了,一杆三眼铳至少也得十斤铁,而军队使用使用的火器又是一个巨大的数字。
张岱还记得天启年间看到的邸报上刊发的圣谕,上面列举的辽东军队火器数量,除了头号二号发熕是个位数之外,什么九边神炮、虎蹲神炮、头号二号弗朗机,铁涌珠炮之类的都是数以百计,至于铁连珠炮,铁三眼铳、鸟铳这些更是论千计算。其中要耗用多少铁料也就可想而知了。
至于眼前这髡贼的人马,那更是以火器见长,尤擅大炮,能“一炮糜烂数十里”,而听闻铸一“大将军炮”便要用料几十万斤;澳宋又擅作大铁船,一条铁船――先不管能不能浮起来,光是那体量,怕不是有几万万斤铁了。船上又有几十门的“巨炮”。髡贼军队拥有铁的数目只怕是个天大的数字了。张岱随意应和了一声,等着刘三继续讲。
“朝廷为了防备蒙古人,不许铁器出口。因为你即使卖的是铁锅过去,他们也能想办法熔掉重新打造武器。但这种禁运作用不大:既然蒙古人的需求旺盛,商人往往想尽办法走私。当然,也不仅限于走私铁器,食盐、粮食都是走私的主力。远得蒙古,近的东虏,都有商人为其走私货物。道理嘛,还是那句话:有需求就有市场,有市场就有利润。”
听到这里,张岱不禁想起社中喜好议论时政的几位,有次聚会时,说起上次东虏之所以能够入寇京畿之地,根本原因是晋中的奸商给东虏指了路,心头顿时一片灰暗,不由得叹了口气。当然,张岱并不知道那几位之所以有如此“见识”,是因为读了当时隐秘发售的一期澳宋出版的时局分析杂志。
诚然,大炮快枪铁船,靠得都是“奇技淫巧”,但是这刘大夫兜了这么大一个圈子,显然不是为了说这个。
“五金之中,唯有金与锡不易锈蚀。”刘三顿了一顿,见张岱略一思索后点了点头,知道他有这方面的“常识”不需要他去更多解释,就接着说了起来。“然则上古先民早就知道,采炼的赤铜性软兼且不适合铸造,反而是掺入锡砂后混炼而成的青铜,不仅适合铸造,而且造出来的器物较之赤铜更为坚硬。因此三代之时,兵器礼器多为青铜。
“然而青铜虽然比赤铜硬,但却脆。这市面上的小钱劣钱,多掺铅、锡,稍微磕着碰着就碎成八瓣了。究其原因,还是混合了锡,物性改变如此而已。”
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