第九章 恒产
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而马进宝和他麾下的军官们强夺民财中,很有一部分已经逃亡衢州的过程中运走,就连那些战死的军官士卒的家属也多有畏惧于明军的报复携银逃窜,能够剩下的其实并不多。
但是清军能够将财帛、古董之类的可动产带走,却带不走田土、宅院、商铺、工坊、矿洞等不动产以及强行在本地商户的产业中入的份子,而这些就都便宜了陈文。
只是仅仅靠这些来养活金华府的明军和官吏却还是不够的,所以他便打起了占用无主荒地的主意。金华府几年前遭逢过屠城,即便其他地方也多有屠戮,再加上马进宝及其部下们的所作所为,整个金华府荒废的田土很多,多到了老营派去调查的官吏已经数不过来的地步,用来养兵可以说是非常合适。
可是这个计划到了孙钰那里却由于唯恐过分得罪本地士绅百姓而遭到了反对,同样有此忧虑的陈文在和孙钰重新商议后,便决定将这个计划进行一番处理,只是修改过的计划同样还是让孙钰有所担忧。
在宣布没收财产和占用荒地的同时,陈文下令召集本地富户前往府城,商议认购债券以及归还部分被马进宝及其部下强夺的财产等一系列事项。
群敌环伺之下。陈文只得做出妥协以团结更多的士绅百姓,只是他却并不打算把归还事宜做成一锤子买卖,否则团结、拉拢甚至是引诱这些士绅百姓与明军团结在一条战线上的目的就无法达成了。
使者已经派出,过不了多久就会有大批的士绅百姓赶到府城。不过无主荒地陈文是占定了。而占了地也得需要人来耕种才能收获粮食和其他农产品,否则占了也没有什么意义。
于是乎,陈文第一步便偿还了阵亡将士以及伤残将士的抚恤田,这些人或是他们的家人曾在陈文麾下作战,自然会分到最好的田土。而且规定若是家中无人耕种。可以由当地卫所招募佃户,代替其收缴佃租,连手续费都不必缴纳。
第二步,陈文宣布授予麾下将士每人十亩军田,用以安置他们的家属。这个面积的田土若是家中人口较多的话肯定不够的,所以他还准备建立一些工坊和作坊来吸纳剩余劳动力,以确保军中将士无后顾之忧。同时,陈文宣布从今年起,军饷照常发放,军功赏赐改银两为田土。由赏赐银两彻底转换为军功授田。
第三步,由金华卫指挥使司在金华府的各个村镇张榜招兵,符合条件者便可以进入新兵营参加训练,其中训练成绩优异者可以补入金华镇的战兵营和守备部队成为战兵。而其他人则列入备补兵序列,授予二十亩军租田,闲时务农训练,征辟令下达便补入战兵序列参加战斗。
最后一步,便是那些从天台山跟随明军来到金华的百姓。这些百姓现在还都住在东阳县的大营之中,做着老营分配的一些活计。陈文既然把他们带来增加人口数量,平衡本地人的势力。那么就需要解决他们的生计,而他初步的计划便是将他们转为军户,如备补兵般授予军租田,等到他腾出手去插手别的行当时也会用到这些人。
有恒产恒业者有恒心。这是孟子曾经宣扬过的理论,军功授田从本质上就是设法将士卒束缚在土地上,并且以中国人最为看重的田土激励他们奋勇作战。
按照陈文所定下的制度,抚恤田为永业田,归其所有且二十年无须缴纳税赋;军田的授予对象是战兵,同样无须缴纳赋税。不过其本身只是用来临时安置将士家眷,所以还是属于军方所有,待退役时收回;相对的,军功赏赐的田土和抚恤田一样为永业田,二十年内无须缴纳赋税,只是要到退役后才正式归于受赏者,若是出现叛逃等严重违反军法的事情,便会收回。至于军租田,备补兵自然不可能享有战兵的待遇,收取赋税是必然的,只是由于其有义务承担兵役,所以徭役会如战兵、军属、烈属、伤残将士一般进行免除。
军中的将士及其家属是陈文最大也是最为坚定的支持者,将占用的田土授予他们也可以在加强凝聚力的同时吸引更多人加入明军的阵营。而新加入者无论是成为战兵,还是备补兵都可以享有免除徭役的特权,而这项权利来源于卫所制度本身,所以陈文可以名正言顺的实行。
明朝的军户需要做的事情很多,如屯田、操练、漕运、备御、巡捕、出哨、入卫、戍守、军器等事项皆要参与,再加上卫所军官的欺压以及上升通道的狭窄使得军户在有明一朝不断的逃亡,即便留下来的也彻底沦为农奴,到了后来也就不得以必须去实行募兵制来应对外敌。
陈文打着卫所的名义所建立的制度,战兵和备补兵一人为兵,全家为军户,军户家庭也不必像以前的军户余丁那样每天为朝廷养活家中的正兵而奔忙,只要他们被录入在册的家人在营中行兵役或是在乡参与训练等待征召,他们便可以享受到免除徭役的待遇。而他们的家中从军的子弟,只要按照规定服完兵役,一家人就可以在退役后转籍为民,无须有世代为军的担忧。
随着明朝的卫所制度根据现代兵役制度的改良版本在这残明末世的浙江诞生,陈文相信,在切实的利益的面前,必定会有越来越多的百姓加入其中,成为他麾下这支明军的组成部分。
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