四十五、殊途同归
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四十五、殊途同归
瓦官寺长老竺法汰道：“请皇太后移驾香积院，香积院广堂幽静，可供两位檀越辩难。龙腾小说网ltxs520.com”
褚太后便吩咐中领军桓秘：“有愿意旁听辩难的官人仕女，莫要阻拦。”
这样，来进香的尚书吏部郎王蕴等官吏，王羲之夫人郗璇、陆纳夫人张文纨，以及陆葳蕤、张彤云、郗道茂、张墨、陈尚、顾恺之、徐邈、刘尚值、王献之、谢韶、袁通、诸葛曾、温琳、蔡歆诸人都来到香积院，皇太后褚蒜子坐于八辋舆床上，张白纱帷帐与众人相隔，其余女眷居广堂之左、男子居右，会稽王司马昱、尚书仆射王彪之亦就座。
进香积院时，谢道韫对陈操之低声道：“子重，今日尽情激辩一场，莫存容让之心，无论胜负，皆无撼焉。”
陈操之道：“自当全力以赴，希望英台兄亦如是。”
走在后面的王羲之夫人郗璇命儿子王献之叫住谢韶，问祝英台何人？谢韶自然说这是谢氏远亲，郗璇虽有些疑惑，但也没猜到祝英台竟会是谢道韫，十年前王羲之任会稽内史时，郗璇常与东山谢氏女眷往来，非常喜爱聪慧善辩的谢道韫，想让谢道韫嫁给其子王凝之，其后王羲之辞官离开会稽山阴，从此郗璇再未见过谢道韫，如今谢道韫长身玉立，早已不复当年髫龄幼女的模样，又是梁冠长衫，郗璇自然认不出来。
瓦官寺香积院就是长老竺法汰聚众讲经之所，院后是一座小山岗，遍植松柏，苍翠幽静，松下各色野花寂寞开放，点缀着凝翠的松林，暮鼓晨钟，梵唱隐隐。
会稽王司马昱见众人安坐，广堂寂然无声，乃开口道：“陈操之、祝英台，今日你二人欲辩何题？”
陈操之向谢道韫一躬身，示意悉听尊便。
谢道韫便道：“请太后、会稽王出题。”
褚太后在白纱帷帐后略一思忖，说道：“诗有六义，其三曰比，其四曰兴，请两位郎君试说比兴之异同。”
谢道韫做了个请的手势，陈操之一点头，说道：“臣试为太后阐述之：郑康成曰‘比者，见今之失，不敢斥言，取比类以言之；兴者，是见今美，嫌于媚谀，取善事以喻劝之’，郑康成此论仅限劝惩、过于拘束，并非达论，愚以为比者，以彼物比此物也；兴者，先言他物以引起所咏之词也。比与兴，皆拟议、譬喻也，索物以托情，谓之比；触物以起情，谓之兴，比显而兴隐也。”
郑玄郑康成是经学大家，其注毛诗被后人奉为圭臬，幼学启蒙必以郑注《毛诗笺》始，陈操之现在直指郑玄之非，可谓大胆。
谢道韫眼望陈操之，续道：“兴者，起也，兴之托喻，婉而成章，触物以起情，似无心凑合，信手拈起，复随手放下，与后文附丽而不相衔接，非同索物以托情之着意经营，理路顺而词脉贯。毛诗王风以‘扬之水，不流束薪’赋戌甲之劳，而郑风则以‘扬之水，不流束薪’赋兄弟之鲜，无非以此起兴也，又如‘饮马长城窟’、‘日出东南隅’，非真有取于马与日也。”
褚太后赞道：“善哉此论，不囿于先儒之学，自有创见，此可谓好学深思者也。”
会稽王司马昱拂动麈尾笑道：“这一题并不能决出陈操之、祝英台的高下，只算是二人共同回答了太后的问难，本王有一题，请两位就《老子》第四十章‘反者，道之动’相互辩难，一较高下。”
“反者道之动”这是一个著名辩题，司徒府清谈聚会对这一论题虽已辩论过多次，但司马昱总觉得有未尽之意，今日想听听陈操之与祝英台的高论——
陈操之微微躬身道：“英台兄先请。”
谢道韫略一思索，用鼻音浓重的洛阳正音说道：“王辅嗣云‘高以下为基，贵以贱为本，有以无为用，此其反也’，第十六章云‘夫物芸芸，各归其根’；第二十五章云‘字之曰道，强为之名曰大，大曰逝，逝曰远，远曰反’，有道者务欲还反无为，反其真也。”
陈操之道：“反有两义，一者正反之反，违反也；二者往反（返）之反，回返也。《老子》之‘反’融贯二义，观‘逝曰远，远曰反’可知也，‘反者道之动’之‘反’兼具正反之反与往返之反双意。《中庸》有云‘生于今之世，反古之道，如此者灾及其身者也’，《商君书》言道‘汤、武之王也，不修古而兴；殷、夏之灭也，不易礼而亡，然则反古者未必可非，循礼者未必多是也。’”
谢道韫辩道：“非也，老子之反非往返之意，《易》泰卦‘无往不复’、《荀子》‘始则终，终则始，若环无端也。’《吕氏春秋》‘天地车轮，终而复始，极则复反’，此老子之反也——”
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