第49节：人情世故(4)
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酗酒是日本“人情世故”的另一种表现。更多小说ltxs520.com当听到美国人豪言壮志地说要禁酒时，日本人觉得这简直就是西方国家的奇思怪想。同样，对于美国地方上举行投票要求颁布禁酒法令的运动，日本人也是这样看待的。在日本人看来，饮酒是一种乐趣，只要正常的人都不会拒绝。而且它只是一种小的消遣，因此正常的人也绝不会为它所困。按照日本人的看法，就如不必担心人们会成为同性恋者一样，人们也不必担心人人都会成为醉鬼。事实上酗酒问题也确实没有成为日本的社会问题。喝酒是一种愉快的消遣，因此，家庭，以至社会都并不厌恶醉酒的人。喝醉酒的人不会胡来，也不会打自己的孩子。通常的表现就是纵情歌舞，不拘任何礼节。在城市的酒宴上，人们则喜欢相互坐在对方的膝盖上。
传统的日本人还严格区别饮酒和吃饭。在农村的宴会上，如果谁开始吃饭，就意味着他不再喝酒了。他已涉足于另一个“圈子”了，对饮酒和吃饭这两个“圈子”日本人是区别得很清楚的。在自己家中的时候，人们有时也在饭后饮酒，但绝不会一边饮酒一边吃饭，而是先享受一种，再享受另一种。
上述的这些日本人关于“人情世故”的观点产生了一系列重要的后果。它从根本上否定了西方人那种身体和精神两种力量在人的一生中一定要一决雌雄的思想。在日本人的哲学中，肉体本身不是罪恶，尽可能地享受肉体上的快感并不是犯罪，精神与肉体不是宇宙中对立的两大势力。按照这条逻辑走下去人们就会得出这样一个结论，即世界并不是非黑即白的。正如乔治·桑塞姆爵士写的那样：“在整个历史进程中，日本人似乎都缺乏这种认识恶的能力，或者说在某种程度上不愿意抓住这些恶的问题。”6事实上，日本人始终拒绝把恶的东西也看作是人生的一部分。他们相信人有两种灵魂，但却不是善的冲动与恶的冲动之间的较量，而是“温和的”灵魂和“粗暴的”灵魂之间的斗争。每个人、每个民族的生涯中都既有“温和”的时候，也有必须“粗暴”的时候。并没有注定哪个灵魂就一定要进地狱，而哪个则定要上天堂。这两个灵魂都是必需的，并且在不同场合下都可能是善的。
甚至日本的神也显现出这样善恶的两面性。在日本最著名的神是素盏鸣尊，他是天照大神之弟，是“迅猛的男神”。西方神话中都把他视为魔鬼，因为他对自己的姐姐行为极其粗暴。天照大神怀疑素盏鸣尊到自己住房来的动机不良，想把他赶到屋外。于是，他放肆地胡闹，在天照大神的大饭厅里乱拉大便，而当时大神与侍者正在饭厅里举行尝新仪式。他甚至还犯下了毁坏稻田的田埂这样的滔天大罪。但最糟的，也是西方人最不可理解的是，他居然在他姐姐的卧室的上端挖个窟窿，把剥了皮的斑驹的生殖器从这里投了进去。由于素盏鸣尊罪不可赦，受到了诸神的审判，被处以重刑，赶出了天国，放逐到“黑暗之国”。可是，他仍然是日本众神中一位比较招人喜爱的神，人们还是对他比较尊敬。虽然在世界神话中这样的神并不少见，但在高级的伦理性宗教中，这种神则是被排除在外的。因为只有把超自然的东西划成善恶两个对立的集团，明辨是非，才能更符合宇宙斗争的哲学。
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