第二九三章 伟大的起点(中)
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无论如何,两人之间的交谈越来越广泛,越来越深入,往往是从众人闲聊开始,渐渐的旁人就插不进嘴,只能听他们俩讲天书……
比如陈恪捣鼓出了水泥和混凝土,众人的目光,都集中在它对战争、工程的影响上。沈括说,有了水泥,人们就不用大量砍树了,这是件功在千秋的好事。
众人不解,问砍树还能影响千秋万代?陈恪给予了肯定,他从树木可以保持水土、改变气候说起,讲到过度砍伐树木,会导致水土流失,土地贫瘠、环境恶化,最终不适宜人类居住。
这又得到了沈括的强烈赞同,。他告诉众人,根据多方查阅史书,可以断定黄土高原原来是林密草茂,野鹿成群的。这种情况在秦汉时期开始恶化,但改变并不大,因为据《山海经》记载,白于山‘上多松柏,下多栎檀’。北魏郦道元在《水经注》一书中,也记载榆林附近还是一片‘榆柳之薮’,这说明草原带南界应在环县和榆林一线之北,之南则为森林。
而在唐宋时期,黄土高原上的森林急速减少,沙漠化十分严重,以至于‘环庆以北,千里不毛’。那么黄土地上的绿森林哪去了?一是修宫殿,定都关中的朝代就近从此取木;二是民间砍伐,以为建造和薪炭之用。但破坏最严重的行为,还是修军事堡垒,本朝与西夏长期对峙,几十年来大修堡垒近万个,每修一座堡垒便要毁掉一片森林!
若是水泥推广开,黄土高原上所剩不多的森林,总算能保存下来,日后再慢慢补种树木,恢复古代的林木繁茂、山清水秀也说不定!
沈括的生态观念,并非是被陈恪的水泥启发出来的。事实上,在此之前,他便上书朝廷,大规模采集石炭,作为民间和朝廷的主要燃料。他还从书中读到‘高奴县有脂水,可燃’这句话,曾经利用丁忧期间,亲自去边境考察,发现了一种褐色液体,当地人叫它‘石漆’,‘石脂’,用它烧火做饭,点灯和取暖。沈括给这种液体取了一个新名字,叫石油……他早就想用石炭和石油,代替松木来作燃料。他说不到必要的时候决不能随意砍伐树木,尤其是古林,更不能破坏!
在陈恪看来,其观点是绝对正确的,可其他人却并不在意……
所以,这不是所谓的高山流水、伯牙子期,而是先知者的孤独。
考察南盘江、红水河期间,两人在晴明的夜里,总要一起看星星……这种令柳月娥不寒而栗的行为,却没什么基情,而是因为在这里仰望星空,能比在内地看得更加清楚,。
此前,他们用小孔成像的实验,向人们证明光是直线传播的。并用这个原理,解释了日月食的成因,和月相圆缺的规律。为了向众人讲清楚这一情况,沈括还设计了模拟实验……用一个弹丸,将其表面一半涂上白粉,表示向阳的一面,侧视之则粉如钩,对视之则正圆。而陈恪则制作了更大的模型,也用这种室内演示的方法,向众人展示日月星辰天体的运动。
听他说自己脚下是个球体,月亮绕着地球转,地球和土木水火金星绕着太阳转……尽管因为他的身份,没人好意思嘲笑陈恪,但众人还是用赞美他想象力的委婉方法,表达他们的态度。
陈恪一时又拿不出直观的方法,让他们相信,所以也只能一笑了之。但是沈括却对他的说法十分感兴趣,认为这种假设,可以解开自己许久以来的疑惑。
而且陈恪送给他一种千里镜,可以更加拉近与天空的距离,观星的条件实在前所未有的好,让沈括一刻也不愿浪费。每当星光灿烂的夜晚,他便把千里镜瞄准深邃遥远的苍穹,不顾疲劳和寒冷,夜复一夜地观察着。
尽管这只是普通的千里镜,但已经为沈括掀开夜空神秘的面纱……他看到了月亮上的‘月宫’,其实是高峻的山脉和低凹的洼地。他还从月亮上亮的和暗的部分的移动,发现了月亮自身并不能发光,月亮的光是透过太阳得来的。
他还观测到了木星周围环绕着它运动的卫星,以此初步佐证了陈恪的说法。
陈恪这个汗颜啊,他捣鼓出望远镜已经快十年了,除了献给狄元帅外,就是用来看看风景,讨好下小娘,基本上是浪费了。可这玩意儿一到了人家沈括手里,就成了一件揭开宇宙秘密的神器。你说人和人的差距咋这么大捏?
当然,这千里镜的倍数太小,大大限制了沈括的观测,陈恪承诺,回京之后,为他建造大号的天文望远镜,让他揭开天穹的秘密!
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