第二九七章 滇铜(上)
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为了赶在来年四月前通航,红水河全线二十几处工地,几乎同时动工。龙腾小说ltxs520.com[文字版到]这背后需要多强的组织能力可想而知,若非宋朝文官的政务能力强大,陈恪和沈括的计划就算再周密,也不敢把摊子铺这么大。
其上游工程,又叫南盘江工程,主要是在从东川到三江口这段距离上,修建陡门四十七座,有沈括详细绘制的图纸,又有新发明的水泥混凝土,工程难度可比秦朝工匠们修灵渠时小不少。
他们先在上游筑坝拦水,使江底裸露出来,然后将数百根水泥柱子,纵横交错排叉式的夯实,插放在坝底,再用混凝土浇筑成整体,这是修海堤的工程方法,使在这里颇有杀鸡用牛刀之嫌,但比传统的立木法要坚固百倍,且不怕被人破坏,所以陈恪还是冒着被工匠们学去的危险,采用了新技术。
当然,也很可能他存心就想让他们学去。
中下游的红水河工程,就没有这样简单了。红水河流域,正是云贵高原到广西平原的过渡段,水面落差大、险滩密布,或巨石亘于水中,或石壁横挡水势,百折千转……船在河心,前后不能直望三里,兼有跌水、喷旋、倒卷等情形,其施工难度非内地河工可比。
其中最险的八滩或是巨石嵯峨,亘连两岸,或乱石丛叠,梗塞江心,大多数滩身浪长数里,落差势高及丈、过去船过这些滩时,或用旱箱,或架台杆,更多的是用竹藤将船捆住拉过去。总之无法单独行过。
在红水河边,原先就有专门以拉纤为生的部族,当然免不了漫天要价,但仍时有磕损,且稍大一些的船,就无法通过了。
尽管丝毫不怀疑沈括和苏颂的能力,但陈恪还是命令承修人员‘不得一味照搬,而要根据实际困难。日夕讲求,悉心筹划,或采用成法,或博询众论,功因时制宜!’要求他们对不同情况采取不同措施,比如凡是最险之滩,中心处洪涛汹涌不能行船的,便在历来架箱拉杆之处。筑坝逼水,将峭壁烧煅椎凿,开出新的船路,以避中流之险。
至于次险各滩,亦需要先筑坝逼水,将水面、水底碍船的巨石凿去,使行船不至于触礁;同时还在两岸绝崖之上搭立脚手架,凿出高低牵路,使舟楫上下可以有纤夫牵挽……所谓牵路,就是纤夫们拉纤时所走的小路。遇到两岸都是峭壁。又必须拉纤的情形时,只能在石壁上凿出牵路来。
仅仅是描述一番,就让人满头是汗,亲自去开凿的工匠们,直接就是望而兴叹……若非发现河床和两岸的山石都是硬度不大的石灰岩,陈恪给多少钱,他们也不干。
好在无论如何,工程是热火朝天的展开了,甭管事先准备的多周密,问题还是接踵而来。作为总指挥的陈恪和沈括。不是在河工工地上,就是在赶往工地的路上,解决各种技术问题,协调各种复杂的关系。
好在老天保佑,许是去岁下雨太多,今年大旱、江水极涸,水位较往年低五六丈。在一道道陡门的作用下。初春时中下游得以基本干涸,所有险滩水上水下滩石俱露,十分有利施工。
工地上。承修官员先令夫匠伐薪运煤、用火攻烧那些巨大的滩石,因为石灰岩遇到高温,会分解转化为生石灰,变得松散酥脆。待火一灭,马上锤凿劈打,便纷纷瓦解。而且生石灰还是消耗量很大的材料,可谓一举两得了。
也有不用火攻的,工匠们用铁钎将巨石凿开小孔,打入木楔,并在上面浇水,木楔浸水膨胀的力量就可以将石块胀裂。这样得到的大块石灰石,都直接送去和粘土一起煅烧,现场制备水泥。
他们所开的船路,皆从滩身近水处层层疏宽凿深,不留槽形,使上下船支沿边行走,以避江心洪涛之险。同时,还在夹岸峭壁上凿出牵路两万多丈。其陡险之处,皆由工匠用麻绳缠腰,悬空铲凿,一锤锤,一寸寸凿出石缝,然后插入铁钎搭架,以水泥浇筑,凭空造出牵路来……
还有更困难的状况,其中治理双岩滩和恶滩最具有代表性。
双岩滩人称红水之锁钥,江中突出两山,俨然双门,水从中泻,跌落数丈,浪扫北岸,鼓喷高有丈余,迥流卷旋,险相丛生!起先是计划在北岸开石槽、拉船上行,但实际操作才发现,槽身为跌浪所扫,崖石突出,下水断不能行。
不得已,又重新讨论设计,计划在南岸凿开一长五十三丈,深两丈,宽四到五丈不等的水道,舟楫可从此并行上下通行。但这样一来,就算石灰岩比较好凿,工程量也太大了,自然有许多人反对。
最后是陈恪力排众议,命人在地下一丈处,并排凿通两条长达五十丈的地道。然后分别填满炸药,用混凝土封口后引爆。
震天撼地的隆隆巨响后,那是真正的地动山摇!无数的石块、砂土、树枝被喷到天上去,竟然让天都变了颜色,继而下起了土石雨。
尽管所有人都退到一里以外,但还是被掀翻了大片,等他们定下神来回去查看时,发现那里已经被炸出了一条宽达数丈、长达四五十丈的坑道……
还有另一处名唤恶滩,是中游最险之滩,滩长五里,扫崖、迥旋、鼓喷等险浪无一不备,凶险之处难以言表。多亏沈括创造出了‘筑圆坝’之法,将水中大石连根凿去,上水船由北岸拉上;又将南岸巨石数十丈,亦用圆坝之法凿去,开成子河一道,才可使上下船只通行……
陈恪站在一块河边巨石上,望着河道上下数千人辛劳施工的热闹景象。只见数不清的石匠在凿石头,数不清的挑夫挑着成担的石块,往河岸边运。岸边的峭壁上,扎着高高的脚手架,上面有成排的工匠系着麻绳,在敲击墙面。耳边尽是叮叮当当的凿石声,人们劳作的号子声,不时还有隆隆的爆破声传来……
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