第153章 工欲善其事
最新网址：m.ltxsdz.com
“士农工商，皆国之柱石，缺一不可，这是我在齐国时，在稷下学到的东西。最新地址ltxsba.xyz更新快无广告。”
明月所说的，正是齐国管仲时提出的“四民分业”，即“士农工商”四种身份的人分开居住，分别培养，使各自的技艺能臻于完美。对于工匠，他的建议是：让百工聚集在一起居住，年少时就学习技术，这样一来，百工的子弟就总还是保持百工的身份。在当时管仲看来，士农工商并没有高低贵贱本质差别，都是为诸侯贵族服务的，只是分工不同而已，各有专长而已。
的确，工匠在西周春秋时虽然也没有自由改行的权力，但他们的地位不低，属于“国人”，有时候还可以议政，或是成为都邑里发动暴动反抗贵族的主力。
可这国野之分已经完全消弭的战国，百工之肆里的工匠，地位也比西周春秋时“国人”一落千丈。就明月今日所见，虽然能吃饱饭，但他们的劳动成果基本都被官府毫不客气地剥夺干净，只像是施舍般留下点口粮钱帛，虽不是奴隶，却近似奴隶。
这也难怪有不少自以为学了点文化的士人开始看不起其他三种职业，尤其是百工，竟被一些人视为贱业了。
不过明月却不赞同这种看法，说道：“兄长且看看你我身上，穿着的深意帛布是百工染的，吾等乘坐的车马是百工制作的，吃饭时用的鼎簋，是百工炼制铸造的，喝的酒酿浆水，也是百工所制，若离了百工，你我恐怕要亲自采兰草染衣裳，吃饭时只能用叶子做盘，出门也无车可乘了。”
庐陵君一愣，想了想，的确是这样。
“所以，正如荀子所说的，相高下，视硗肥，序五种，君子不如农人；通财货，相美恶，辩贵贱，君子不如贾人；设规矩，陈绳墨，便备用，君子不如工人。君子虽然统治着国家，但离开了农人、商贾、工匠任何一种，这邦国都无法正常治理，我既然都做了邦右工尹，便要体察百工，了解他们的生活和事业，哪能顾虑着高低贵贱，而不闻不问呢？”
一席话倒是将庐陵君说得哑口无言，指着明月摇头道：“长安君去了齐国一趟，伶牙俐齿磨得更锋利了。”
明月摇了摇头：“不止是齐国，我听说在秦国，对有技艺的工匠极为重视，秦国屡次伐韩，最先做的事情就是将韩国的匠人掳掠回咸阳，日积月累，秦国原本百工稀缺，如今却有数以万计！”
据他所知，秦国不但夺取六国的工匠，还学习了东方较为先进的管理方式。山东六国有一种制度，叫做：“物勒工名”，要求器物的制造者把自己的名字刻在自己制作的产品上，以方便管理者检验产品质量、考核工匠的技艺。除了工匠之名，还要刻上督造者和主造者之名，以便逐级追查产品质量的责任人。如果器物上不刻写名字，就要被惩罚。
比如明月作为邦右工尹，监督一批车舆的制作，他的名字就要作为督造者刻在第一位，之后便是那位工师张老，其后才是真正的制作者名号。
这一点也被秦国学了去，并严格执行起来。由于有严苛的支撑，这套方法青出于蓝而胜于蓝，在秦国开花结果。秦国的百工畏惧刑罚，绝不敢怠工偷懒，不过做得好的，也有具体的奖励办法，甚至可以封爵。
再加上有一部分墨家入秦，带去了不少技艺，百年积累下来，秦国的工匠还真有一些“工匠精神”了。这就不难理解，为什么秦能够制造出几乎完全一致，零件还能替换的弩机、矛戟，后来更做出了前无古人后无来者的兵马俑……
秦国的手工业虽然在奢侈品、艺术品方面远远不如山东六国，但兵器、甲胄、车舆的制作已经后来居上，不亚于韩、楚了，虽然在精品质量上比不了，但胜在质量平均，且制作效率极高。
制作武装一万大军的兵器、甲胄、车辆需要多长时间？这些东西放到交战时，就是两国的硬实力差距！
明月估摸着长平之战仅有四五年时间，秦国上农，更有巴蜀粮仓、关中天府，以牛耕，渭水通粮，而赵国能种地的地方集中在太行山以东，也没有水利之便。在农业上是没法四五年内突飞猛进的，只能先往百工技术上想想办法。
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