第1074章:掌控金权(Ⅰ)
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成功发行国债以后,国库中有了充裕的黄金储备,罗兰接下来要做的事就是设立国家造币厂,立法勒令市面上大量存在的帝国铸币逐步退出流通,代之以寇拉斯王国发行的新币,如此方算得上名正言顺。龙腾小说ltxs520.com
罗兰在穿越之前就对东西方经济史很感兴趣,阅读了大量相关领域的文献和论著,而经济史中最为关键的一环就是“货币史”。
纵观人类货币史,不难总结出一条规律:金(银)本位时代,一种铸币的含金(银)量直接反映出铸币国的财政状况。
当一个国家财政状况良好时,发行的铸币大抵含金量很高,这时候为货币面值提供信用支撑的就是自身的含金量,所谓“真金足赤”;而当一个国家财政面临困境,往往会通过降低铸币含金量的方式敛财,这种偷工减料的铸币含有大量贱金属,真实价值远低于面值,只能靠国家政权强制推行,贬值也就在所难免。
罗兰曾以上述规律作为分析工具,详细考察瓦雷斯各国的货币制度,而帝国货币“杜加”作为当今世界公认的国际货币,发行量最大,流通范围最广,当然最值得他深入研究。
寇拉斯王国建立以来,罗兰就开始收集亚珊帝国不同时期发行的金币,比较含金量变化。结果证实了他的猜测,近两个世纪以来,虽然金币的外观没有太大变化,但是随着金币正面的皇帝肖像不断更迭,金币的含金量也呈现出不断下降的趋势。如果画出一张坐标系,以金币的含金量为纵轴,时间为横轴,就会得到一条向下滑落的曲线,特别是进入本世纪,下滑斜率陡然增大,金币的含金量由90%跌落到80%耗时40年,仅仅又过了十年含金量就由80%跌落到不足70%,这滑梯般的贬值现象恰恰发生在查理四世皇帝在位期间,由此可见民间对这位皇帝“好大喜功”、“奢侈浪费”的批评确有根据。
查理皇帝的奢侈浪费体现在年轻时崇尚饮宴和在各地大造行宫上,而随着年华老去,这位陛下近十年来已经收敛很多,不再向从前那样沉湎于奢侈无度的生活,为何帝国金币的贬值节奏却在加剧,财政状况每况愈下?
究其原因,在于帝国近年来渐渐失去了过去15个世纪建立起来的绝对霸权,周边逐步强盛起来的公侯国越来越桀骜不驯,以各种方式挑战神圣亚珊帝国占据主导地位的国际秩序,其中最具竞争力、最让帝国当局又恨又怕的当属水晶海峡对面的斐真。
谁又能想到,那个小小的岛国竟然在进入新世纪之后率先开始了魔导工业化和立宪君主制两大划时代的变革,并且于近年来成为第一个完成工业化的现代国家,其本土疆域仅相当于帝国领土十分之一,人口也不足千万,仅相当于帝国人口的二十分之一,却拥有这个世界上最强大的海军舰队,并且向帝国当局发出如下大逆不道的宣告:
本世纪国际地缘政治的重大转折体现在海权终将取代陆权,拥有世界最强海军的斐真有义务在国际政治舞台上扮演更重要的角色。
事实上斐真人也的确是这样做的。从陨星洋到暴风洋,斐真的舰队和武装商船大摇大摆横冲直撞,斐真政府控股的“新大陆殖民公司”相继登陆威尔诺亚和格拉贝伦,无视帝国当局一再重申对新大陆的宗主权,公然建立自己的殖民据点,并且迅速扩大势力范围,进而打破帝国对新大陆贸易的垄断权。
就在八年前,也就是圣光纪元1612年夏天,帝国海军与斐真海军在暴风洋上爆发了一场本世纪规模最大的海战,结果震惊了世界。
查理皇帝早就意识到帝国海军恐怕不是斐真人的对手,但是他怎么也没想到,这一战的结果竟然以帝国海军全军覆灭告终!三百多艘各级风帆舰艇竟然全都被斐真人的铁甲蒸汽舰队歼灭于大洋之中,其中半数战舰在逃亡途中被斐真人的分舰队衔尾追杀而于绝望中被迫自沉。
“暴风洋大海”战敲响了风帆战列舰时代的丧钟,也象征着斐真人取代帝国成为海上的霸主。查理皇帝不甘心拱手让出制海权,痛定思痛下旨建设一支采用魔导蒸汽机和钢铁护甲的现代舰队,为此每年不惜投入数以亿计的海军军费预算。
“暴风洋海战”的战场距离帝国和斐真的本土都很远,却是在海蓝侯国的家门口。斐真人能够取得完胜离不开海蓝人的支持,海蓝舰队封锁了从珊瑚海到博洛尼半岛沿岸的所有港口,只允许斐真战舰入港补给维修,却拒绝帝国战舰靠岸,这也是帝国海军在战败后不得不万里逃亡、以至于被斐真舰队追杀歼灭的根源。
暴风洋海战结束后,海蓝人也意识到新式战舰的重要性,遂加快建设海军舰队,而这又刺激帝国加大投入军费。三国海军军备竞赛成了拖垮帝国财政的沉重负担,单靠税收无法弥补巨大的赤字,迫不得已只好采取一些见不得光的手段来改善财政状况,比如降低铸币的含金量,并且以强权推行这些急剧贬值的铸币进入流通领域,从而无形中征收了一大笔铸币税。
太阳底下没有新鲜事,考证帝国铸币“金杜加”的含金量变化,使罗兰很自然的联想到地球上罗马帝国时代的铸币变迁。
罗马帝国在其军事扩张达到巅峰的同时,也迈向由盛转衰的下滑通道,帝国的财政收入越来越难以满足日益膨胀的支出。尼禄统治期间,罗马货币第纳尔的含银量降低到90%;到了图拉真时代,含银量降到了85%;而在马可·奥勒留统治时期,含银量继续贬值到75%;其后到了公元2世纪末,第纳尔的含银量就仅剩50%了。随着货币含银量每况愈下,这个曾经强盛一时的帝国也无可挽回的走向分裂直至覆灭。
PS.九月最后一天了,还有月票的看官千万别忘了投,多谢支持..
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