第五百八十一章 跟着可以
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“牛教授,这里好像被雷击过,真是太可惜了。”
朱代然听到有人用普通话说起“牛教授”这三个字,心里马上就留了意,顺着声音的来源,他带着张锁亮一起去了那里。这是一条不知名的小巷子,很安静,走了一百多米后,才到一处像是庄园的后面。自有一伙人转着一个花白胡须,戴着眼睛的老头在讨论。当中的老白胡须老头,就被称作是“牛教授”。
仔细观察,朱代东发现在他们所处不远的一个院子里,就有一处建筑的屋顶少了一个角,而且在院墙上还拉着电线,最令人可惜的是,拉的电线很粗鄙的在院墙上打了个洞,甚是可惜。
朱代东饶有兴趣的站在旁边听着,此时那“牛教授”并没有注意到朱代东和张锁亮,而是和他的学生在讨论:“文物在保存过程中,经受着两种因素的破坏,即:人为的破坏。如古建筑、石窟寺、古墓葬被战火焚毁、被拆除或维修不当失去原貌;铜铁器、书画、竹木漆器、陶瓷等因保护、搬运不当被损坏。另外一个风、雨、雷、电、火、地震、光线、虫害、霉菌等自然因素对文物造成的破坏。”
“像这栋建筑,就是因为被雷击,牛教授,你觉得像这样的情况,修复起来简单吗?”有一位鼻子上架着眼镜的小伙子问。
“防护技术文物保护应遵照预防为主,维修为辅的方针。不可移动文物的防潮、防漏、防火、防雷、防震等,主要依靠工程技术来解决,而防虫害、鸟害等,则主要采用工程技术与化学处理相结合的办法。像这样的情况,要修复起来既费时间,更费金钱,如果想要恢复原貌,很难。”牛怀远叹了口气,这边的古建筑可以称作是一个博物馆,这也是他喜欢带着学生们来这里研究的原因,哪怕当地政府不是那么的配合,但能一次就能学生们看到几乎所有民清建筑的相貌,也是值得的。
“牛教授,这栋建筑不但有雷击,好像还有歪斜的迹象,这样是不是也需要专门的修复?”又有学生问。
“是的,像这种砖石结构古建筑,整体歪闪,应先做定点、定期观测,经加固后稳定的,就不再做地基处理。裂缝可采用加箍和灌浆的方法加固,砌体残缺可剔补,如无法剔补可局部或全部拆除并按原样重砌。如果是石窟寺的山体裂隙,则可以采用喷铆加固或灌浆加固,渗水漏水处要疏导、截流。而石雕、石刻等石质文物表面风化应用有机硅类的高分子材料封护。”牛怀远对古建筑的维修和保护,非常有经验,他也希望能把自己所有的知识全部传授给自己的学生,只要他们愿意学,就全部教。如果到了社会上,他们想在学到别人的一技之长,恐怕就不是那么容易了。
“牛教授,如果是木制结构的古建筑,又该如何修复呢?”站在一旁的朱代然问。
“修复技术木构建筑物整体歪闪,打牮拨正后,再作加固处理。构件局部残损应剔补、墩接。大构件糟朽中空的,可用不饱和聚酯树脂等高分子材料灌注加固,糟朽严重的按原制更换。咦,你好像不是我的学生吧?”牛怀远诧异的说,他这次带来的学生不多,而跟在自己身边的人,自己也都能认得出名字,刚才只听问题没看到人,现在一说完,才发现,问问题的并不是自己的学生。
“我对古建筑的修复也有一定的问题,听你们正讨论,就忍不住就问了一句,不好意思。”朱代东微微一鞠躬,微笑着说。
“古建筑的修复,应做到能小修的不大修,能局部拆落的不全部拆落,尽量保留原构件,以保留古建筑的历史价值。对于古建筑中带有雕刻的瓦兽件、木雕、砖雕、石雕等艺术构件,要慎重处理,尽量做到不换或少换。对塑像、壁画、彩画等附属艺术品,更不能随意修补。”牛怀远并没有见怪,听说朱代东对古建筑修复有兴趣,就又说了几句。
“谢谢牛教授,我今天能跟着你一起听听你的讲解吗?”朱代东说,牛怀远并不像尹坚石所说那样,很固执己见,反而让人觉得很可爱。
“这恐怕不行,我的时间都要留给我的学生。”牛怀远摇了摇头,固执的说。
“我不说话,只在一旁听着,可不可以?”朱代东又问。
“这是你的自由,只要不跟着我们一起回房间睡觉,你愿意跟着就跟着吧。”牛怀远笑呵呵的说,他是带着学生来做课题的,重点就是古建筑的保护。虽然现在福州当地的政府机构,还没有对三坊七巷的意义重视,但牛怀远相信,不久的将来,自己这次做的课题,一定能被当地政府用上。
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