把《塔木德》奉为行为处世的指南
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把《塔木德》奉为行为处世的指南
在希伯来语中，“塔木德”（talmud）的意思是“伟大的研究”，这是一部犹太人作为生活规范的重要书籍。更多小说ltxs520.com
公元前586年，犹太王国被灭之后，大批犹太人被沦为“巴比伦囚虏”。这样，巴比伦逐渐发展为犹太人最主要的文化和精神中心，集中了许多有影响的犹太贤哲和宗教研究人员，形成了一个享有很高威望和领导地位的学者阶层。他们以维护犹太教传统及犹太精神价值为己任，潜心研究神学，著书立说，在公元2世纪至6世纪之间编纂了犹太教口传律法集，即《巴比伦塔木德》和《巴勒斯坦塔木德》，统称《塔木德》，形成了塔木德文化。由于《巴比伦塔木德》编纂于《巴勒斯坦塔木德》之后，经精通摩西律法的拉比们的研究，更主要是犹太实际生活中的实践，所以其律法权威性远远超过《巴勒斯坦塔木德》。一般意义上的《塔木德》指的就是《巴比伦塔木德》。
在整个中世纪，欧洲犹太人对《塔木德》的研究非常活跃。时至今日，犹太教正统派仍然认为，载于《塔木德》的律法乃出于上帝的启示，对这部律法集的诠释和补充工作仍在继续。
1948年以色列复国，犹太文化得以复兴，《塔木德》再次受到重视。犹太教正统派认真研习着《塔木德》，并试图争取将《塔木德》定为以色列国的大法。
《巴比伦塔木德》全书约40卷，分为6部：一为农事、二为节日、三为妇女、四为损害、五为神圣之事、六为洁净与不洁，共250万字，全部用希伯来文写就。这部巨著不仅是一部注释《圣经》律法部分的权威经典，而且是一部丰富多彩的文学作品。其内容除宗教训诫和道德说教外，还包括大量的神话故事、历史传说、民间习俗，乃至天文地理、医学算术及植
物学知识。它不是史书或百科全书，却包罗万象，成为犹太智慧的源泉。整部作品通俗易懂，睿智隽永，成为犹太人行为处世的指南，同时也对处于流散状态的犹太人维护民族统一性、加强凝聚力起到无比重大的作用。对没有自己的祖国并流
离失所的犹太人来说，《圣经》和《塔木德》就是祖国。孩子们从父母那里接受关于戒律和生活习俗的教育，并在犹太教会中接受拉比（犹太教教士）的教导。这样，在成长的过程中，他们就会强烈地意识到自己是犹太人。
《塔木德》凝聚了上千年来2000余名犹太学者对自己民族历史、民族文化、民族智慧的发掘、思考和提炼，是整个犹太民族生活方式的航图，是滋养世代犹太人的精神支柱，是其他民族的人走进犹太文化，接触犹太智慧的一扇必经大门。《塔木德》早已成了犹太人真正的衣钵。到处流浪的犹太人，随身携带着这本书，以此去追求自己的梦想。
随着时代和环境的变化，《塔木德》更被人们赋予了许多新的内容。犹太人成功的秘密就隐藏在《塔木德》之中。
《塔木德》在世界上广为流传，已被译成十几种语言。尤其是犹太人人手一册，从生到死一直研读，常读常新。它不仅教会了犹太人思考什么，而且教会了他们如何思考。它用一种始终如一的声音，构建了犹太人的世界观。它宛如一位和蔼可亲的朋友或思想深邃的学者，始终和每一个犹太人进行交谈和讨论，并穿透琐细的生活，让人感觉到鲜活的智慧和触及万物的力量。
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