善于施舍，善于募捐
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在这种思想的指导下，犹太机构在募捐时采取的方式，就很有自己的特色。
美国犹太人联合募捐会的前任主席、以色列的犹太代办处的筹款机构负责人保罗·朱克曼曾
作过一番经验之谈，很能体现犹太人募捐时的基本思路和方法：
“一个人永远不应该单枪匹马地去募集一大笔捐款，这是一条公认的原则。要拒绝一个人，
特别是一个朋友或邻居，那再容易不过了。如果两个或更多的人一起去，这就不是一个犹太
人向另一个犹太人索取礼物——这是整个共同体，是犹太民族在这样做。”
“如果一个全美犹太人的领导人，一个以色列的领导人和一个受人尊敬的当地犹太人的领导
人都去拜访他的活，完全可以理解为是全世界的犹太共同体去拜访他。”
因此，即使募捐时不能不谈到钱，但决不会光是谈钱。犹太组织的代表常常谈及如何改变人
的本性，并将捐款者看作共同体的宝贵财富。
这里，我们又一次看到犹太人特有的那种将事物赋予超越意义的智慧。借助于
这种方法，犹太民族获得的不上是捐款，还有真正意义上的“共同体的宝贵财富”：即使他
原先不是“财富”，在捐出财富的同时，也成了“财富”，成了一个有民族认同感的犹太人。
犹太组织还常常采取一种更具共同体活动性质的募捐方法，按卡唱名法。这是一种规模较大
的集中募捐方法。
按卡唱名法的一般形式是这样的：募捐机构专门组织一次表彰宴会或社区重要活动。在活动
之前，有关组织已根据对可能捐款人的调查、以前的捐款情况和本次捐款的期望等等，预先
准备好一系列捐款保证。应邀出席的来宾对此都是有所准备的。
当宴会气氛正浓时或贵宾演讲结束之后，活动主持人便按照已准备好的名卡，依次点名，当
场要求捐款。
这种活动一般有100到500人出席，相互之间往往又彼此熟识，很容易给人造成一种“伙伴压
力”。为了不显得自己小家子气，捐款人一般都会心甘情愿地竭其所能，慷慨捐赠，相互之
间还会产生攀比效应。其结果，每次都能让募捐人“喜出望外”。
这种方法可以说是犹太募捐组织所用方法中最招人非议的，甚至被人称之为“一种愚钝而极
不得体的展示”。此话不无道理。
对一个本来不愿意捐献或者不愿意捐献那么多，但碍于朋友同行的在场，为了不失面子而忍
痛掏钱的人来说，确有强人所难的味道。而且，那种相互攀比，固然有助于提高捐款额，但
无形中已成为一种比谁财大气粗的炫耀之举。
然而，考虑到炫耀本身也是人之常情，这儿不炫耀，那里也要炫耀，那么，一样在炫耀中花
钱，与其花得不明不白让别人发财，还不如花得清清楚楚让犹太人自己的事业获益。
有意思的是，人们公认这种“愚钝”的方法只有犹太人才用得好，其他人即使用了，也难以
取得如此成功。其中的根本原因当然不会是犹太人的生性“愚钝”，而恐怕仍在于：只有犹
太人，包括募捐的犹太人和捐献的犹太人，才真正懂得、体会到了人类最“愚钝”的本性可
以获得最为升华的形式。
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