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有哀号之时,有舞蹈之时。

有往外扔石之时,有收集石头之时。

有拥抱之时,有分离之时。

有寻获之时,有失落之时。

有保存之时,有丢弃之时。

有撕裂之时,有缝合之时。

有沉默之时,有言笑之时。

有爱恋之时,有憎恨之时。

有战争之时,有和平之时。”

聪明的犹太人认为,不论岁月如何发展,环境如何变迁,一个人都应该努力追求幸福。

人生的意义,就在于获得幸福。不论禁欲主义者,还是快乐主义者,他们都不可能不是在追求幸福;他们都不可能不是在避免不幸。只不过由于他们对幸福的认识、感觉不同,因而似乎一些人在追求幸福,另一些人在追求不幸罢了。

道德之为道德,在于告诉人们应该追求怎样的幸福,避免怎样的不幸。那么,幸福有哪些种类或层次呢?

按照道德的原则,人们活动的目的不外利他与利己两种。所以,人们的幸福也就不外两种:一是利他目的的实现,叫做“为他人的幸福”或“集体幸福”;一是利己目的的实现,叫做“为自己的幸福”或“个人幸福”。为他人的幸福符合道德最高标准“纯粹利他”,因而是最高的正当幸福。为自己的幸福,如果用利他的手段达到,便符合道德一般标准“利己与利他统一”,所以是一般的正当幸福;如果用无害于人的手段达到,就符合道德最低标准“不损人”,所以是最低的正当幸福;如果用损人的手段达到,就不符合道德标准,就是不正当的幸福。

集体幸福和个人幸福并非彼此存在、互不相干的两个东西,而是融为一体,成为一个人活动的不可分割的双重目的,构成一个人全面幸福的不可分割的两个侧面。因为人类的天性是这样:人们只有为了同时代人的完善、为了他们的幸福而工作,他才能达到完善。

如果一个人只是为了自己而劳动,他也许能成为有名的学者,绝顶聪明人、出色的诗人,但他决不可能成为情操高尚的伟人。一位著名学者说:“那些为共同目标劳动因而使自己变得更加高尚的人,历史承认他们是伟人;那些为最大多数人们带来幸福的人,则是最幸福的人。”因为“如果我们选择了最能为人类福利而劳动的职业……那时我们感到的将不是一点点自私而可怜的欢乐,我们的幸福将属于千万人。”

如果不以利他和利己而以物质和精神为根据,则幸福又分为物质幸福与精神幸福两个层次。物质幸福是物质方面目的的实现。它又分为创造性的与享受性的两种。创造性的物质幸福也就是创造物质财富的目的的实现;享受性的物质幸福也就是消费物质财富的目的的实现。

诚然,物质财富的创造是人们种种活动的目的,但是当一个人使自己的创造物质财富的才能和天赋得到充分的社会利用和发展时,他会感到无限的幸福。这种幸福显然远远高于消费性的物质幸福。

精神幸福是精神方面的目的的实现,也分为创造性和消费性两种。创造性的精神幸福如著书立说、作曲演唱、雕刻绘画等;消费性的精神幸福如对文艺作品和表演的欣赏等。不言而喻,创造性的精神幸福远远高于享受性的精神幸福。

犹太人认为,物质幸福是低级的基本的幸福,而精神幸福则是高级的、上乘的幸福。因此,《塔木德》指出:“即使是罪犯的思想,也比天上的奇迹更灿烂辉煌。”

[记住网址龙腾小说ltxs520.com]

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