《战争与和平》赏析
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《战争与和平》问世至今，一直被人称为“世界上最伟大的小说”。更多小说ltxs520.com这部卷帙浩繁的巨著以史诗般广阔与雄浑的气势，生动地描写了1805至1820年俄国社会的重大历史事件和各个生活领域：“近千个人物，无数的场景，国家和私人生活的一切可能的领域，历史，战争，人间一切惨剧，各种情欲，人生各个阶段，从婴儿降临人间的啼声到气息奄奄的老人的感情最后迸发，人所能感受到的一切欢乐和痛苦，各种可能的内心思绪，从窃取自己同伴的钱币的小偷的感觉，到英雄主义的最崇高的冲动和领悟透彻的沉思——在这幅画里都应有尽有。”（斯特拉霍夫语）作家对生活的大面积涵盖和整体把握，对个别现象与事物整体、个人命运与周围世界的内在联系的充分揭示，使这部小说具有极大的思想和艺术容量。
这是一部人民战争的英雄史诗。托尔斯泰曾经表示：“在《战争与和平》里我喜欢人民的思想。”也就是说，作者力图在这部作品里表现俄国人民在反侵略战争中的爱国主义精神及其历史作用。在国家危急的严重关头，许多来自下层的俄军普通官兵同仇敌忾，浴血奋战，虽然战事一度失利，但精神上却始终占有压倒的优势。老百姓也主动起来保家卫国。在人民群众中涌现出一大批像网升、杰尼索夫、谢尔巴狄那样的英雄人物。俄军统帅库图佐夫也因为体现了人民的意志，才具有过人的胆略和决胜的信心。整部小说以无可辩驳的事实证明了托尔斯泰的“人民战争的巨棒以全部威严雄伟的力量”赶走了侵略者的思想。
作者在小说中也认真探索了贵族阶级的历史命运问题。小说的主要情节就是围绕着包尔康斯基、别素霍夫、罗斯托夫、库拉金四大贵族家庭的生活展开的。60年代，托尔斯泰仍站在贵族阶级的立场上，但是他对接近宫廷的上层贵族却给予深刻的揭露和批判。在民族危亡的关头，库拉金之流漠视国家命运，畏敌如虎，他们关心的是寻欢作乐，积聚私产。小说中，库拉金是官痞，儿子阿纳托尔是恶少，女儿爱仑则是荡妇。这些贵族的卑劣行径与人民为国献身的崇高精神形成了强烈的反差。托尔斯泰认为，俄国的前途在于“优秀”贵族与人民的合作。他用诗意的笔触描写了京城以外的庄园贵族罗斯托夫一家和包尔康斯基一家，指出在这些贵族身上仍保留着淳厚的古风，他们有爱国心，与人民的精神相通。这里，作者在一定程度上美化了宗法制贵族。
这部小说的主人公是安德烈·包尔康斯基、彼埃尔·别素霍夫和娜塔莎·罗斯托娃。这三个人物都是作者喜爱的正面形象。安德烈和彼埃尔是探索型的青年贵族知识分子。小说中，这两个人物在性格和生活道路上形成了鲜明的对比。安德烈性格内向，意志坚强，有较强的社会活动能力，他后来投身军队和参与社会活动库塞、阿多诺、弗洛姆、哈贝马斯（jurgenhabermas，1929—），在严酷的事实面前逐步认识到上层统治阶级的腐败和人民的力量，彼埃尔心直口快，易动感情，缺少实际活动能力，更侧重于对道德理想的追求，后来主要在与人民的直接接触中精神上得到成长。女主人公娜塔莎与两位主人公的关系使她成为小说中重要的连缀人物，而这一形象本身又是个性鲜明，生气勃勃的。小说充分展开了娜塔莎热烈而丰富的情感，她与人民和大自然的接近，她的民族气质，以及她在精神上的成长。这几个主要人物形象都具有较高的认识价值和审美价值。
《战争与和平》艺术成就卓著。在这部作品中，托尔斯泰有力地拓宽了长篇小说表现生活的幅度，并在传统的史诗体小说和戏剧式小说的基础上创造了一种比较成熟的形态。小说场面壮阔，结构清晰，人物形象鲜明，有一种大海般恢宏开阔的美。同时，小说时代感强烈，它虽是一部历史题材小说，但却反映了农奴制改革后俄国前途和人民作用的问题。因此，《战争与和平》当之无愧地是一部“了不起的巨著”。（列宁语）
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