刑名师爷的来源
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清末人汪康年在他的《汪穰年笔记》记载了这样一个故事：有一年新到任的无锡县钱知县请了一位金师爷帮助他处理审判事务。龙腾小说网ltxsba.com这位金师爷正当少年，风流倜傥，很快就和惠泉山尼庵里的一个尼姑要好上了，经常流连忘返。有一次钱知县遇到一个紧急案子，急需师爷帮忙，可等了3天，金师爷还是不见踪影。钱知县在堂上急得团团转，不由自言自语地埋怨了几句。又过了几天，金师爷满面春风地回到衙门，有个仆人把钱知县的埋怨话传给了金师爷，金师爷勃然大怒，抓起砚台狠狠地往地上一摔，打点行李就要走人。钱知县知道了，赶紧跑来陪不是，再三道歉，可金师爷非走不可。钱知县只得送出衙门，还拿出一百多两银子权作送行。金师爷拿了银子扬长而去，再到惠泉山尼姑庵盘桓。等到用完了那些银子，无路可走。幸好那尼姑愿意还俗嫁他，拿出私房钱来供他捐了个知县。金师爷和尼姑成婚后果然官运亨通，转了几任，升到镇江知府，原来的东家钱知县却还在镇江下属的一个县当知县，正因事获罪。金知府不忘旧情，帮助钱知县保住了官职。金知府样样顺心，就是家中妻子常作河东狮吼：“你忘了你的官是怎么来的吗？”
从这个故事可以知道，师爷并不是衙门的公职人员，也不是长官雇佣的帮手，幕友来去自由，而长官离了师爷好象就不会作官了。这就是明清（清朝更为典型）时期州县衙门的一个奇妙现象。
师爷是民间的俗称，正式的称呼应该是“幕友”、“幕宾”、“西席”。他们是州县长官私人聘请的政务、事务顾问，双方之间的关系是主人和宾客、甚至是学生和先生的关系，双方地位是平等的。长官要尊称幕友为“老夫子”，或“先生”；自称“学生”、“晚生”、“兄弟”。而幕友也无须称长官“老爷”，一般是称“东家”、“东翁”、“堂翁”、“太尊”，或以当地绅士的口吻称呼长官“老公祖”、“老父母”；自称“晚生”、“学生”。双方都是平礼相见，不分尊卑高下。有时还是长官取卑下位置。如《切问斋文钞》里提到，长官要和幕友一起用餐，等幕友动了筷子长官才能动筷，平时要经常问寒问暖，礼貌周到，讨论问题也要尊重幕友意见，不可固执己见。而象上面的故事那样，幕友对长官倒是常常摆摆架子的。
州县长官请幕友帮忙佐治的风气从明朝开始，而到清朝大盛。清朝刚入关不久，就在皇帝颁布的“上谕”中承认各地州县官“文移招详，全凭幕友代笔”。后来雍正皇帝颁布《钦颁州县事宜》中专列“慎延幕友”一条，变相承认州县长官可以聘请幕友帮助处理政事。清朝号称“无幕不成衙”，从上到下各衙门都聘请幕友，而州县事务最杂，几乎没有不请幕友的。能力差的州县官要请十几个幕友，一般的州县官请五、六个幕友，至少也要请两三个。
幕友完全以私人身份应聘，和长官的关系也是私人关系，一般不会出现在公开的场合，就象“入幕之宾”的成语所说的那样，平时师爷是在内宅里自己的书房处理各类文件的，并不出头露面。虽然到了清末有的幕友在衙门外居住，但至少不会随同长官坐堂审案、或到签押房办公。
州县长官要从自己的收入里拿出钱财来支付师爷的报酬，这种报酬和教师一样，叫做“束修”。师爷要“礼聘”，明代小说《醒世姻缘传》中提到主人公聘请师爷时旁人的忠告：“这做官的幕宾先生，一定也就和那行兵的军师一样，凡事都要和他商议，都要替你主持。……该择一个好日子，写一个全柬拜帖、下一个全柬请帖，定住那一日请，得设两席酒儿，当面得送五、六两聘礼。”
明清时江浙一带文才荟萃，考科举出来的官多，落榜者更多，很多的落榜者转而学习为人佐治的本领。靠着作官同乡的提携，他们跟着去上任“佐治”，因而江浙的师爷遍布天下。其中又以绍兴人居多，绍兴在明朝以出书吏衙官闻名，后来又转为当师爷，绍兴籍贯的师爷互相介绍，把持各地州县衙门。清人笔记《三异笔谈》就有一个绍兴师爷把持云南的故事。
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