【1201 卡罗尔一世变脸】
最新网址:m.ltxsdz.com
“还行吧。最新地址ltxsba.pw”华皇淡然一笑。
“不,绝对是第一流的枪械,很佩服华国的工程师啊。”罗马尼亚王国的卡罗尔一世大公笑道,“不过,我们还是倾向于向德国购买枪械生产线。”
华皇点点头,“这当然可以,不过,大公先生,你要知道,向他国直接购买生产线,生产出来的产品,可不见得是同样的啊。技术不是那么容易买过来的。陆军最要命的问题,在于对近代战争毫无概念!”
其实华皇从卡罗尔一世忽然这么说,心中已经不痛快了,知道这家伙这不是在暗示压价,而是已经在变向的拒绝自己昨天提出的联盟的暗示了。
甲午陆战,日军人均只消耗了8发子弹,即击溃了清朝陆军。
甲午战争前,清军有大炮和机关炮1733门;日军有大炮294门。
清军装备有洋枪23万支,旧式鸟枪等4万支,12万参战部队有85%装备了枪支;参战日军的枪械装备率则达到了100%。
总体而言,中日陆军装备差距不大。
若单纯就武器而言,甚至可以说,清军还略占优势。
如藤村道生所言,“北洋陆军装备毛瑟枪和克虏伯炮,……它比使用村田式步枪和青铜山炮的日军优越。”
真正的差距在于武器的整齐划一。
清朝陆军的武器装备,主要依赖向外国购买。其数量相当庞大。如:湖广总督张之洞在1894年奏报,买快枪9250支、火炮30尊、子弹700万颗、炮弹1.44万颗;两江总督刘坤一到1894年,已购枪支1.5万支,子弹280万颗。还是在这一年,任直隶总督的李鸿章上奏,已向各国订购快枪2.8万余支、快炮56尊,以及合计1500多万颗的炮弹、子弹。此外,其他各地也都自行采购了大批枪炮。
这些枪炮到货后,大都被清军及时装备。如甲午战争中,各地督抚从德国所购的1万余支毛瑟枪,1万余支马梯尼枪,先后装备各军。
在1894年10月和11月,刘坤一协济各省后膛洋枪1.4万支,广东调拨各地洋枪1.8万余支,子弹360万颗。
但由于朝廷没有统一规划,地方所买枪支、火炮,来自美、德、英等各国,型号各不相同。仅淮军就装备了美国的亨利马梯尼后门枪、德国的毛瑟枪、三十响快枪等好几种。其他清军中还有哈乞开斯、士得枪,甚至国内土产的抬枪、鸟枪、火绳枪等。清军所用的来复枪就有14种之多。
日本在发展军事工业之初,因大量依赖进口,也遇到过相同的问题。但是随着日本军事工业的发展,很快就发明了明治十三年式、十八年式步枪和野炮、山炮、大口径臼炮等,并批量生产、装备全军,实现了武器的统一化。武器的统一化,使日军在部队的统一训练、弹药补给的统一制造调配等诸多方面,远胜于清军。
但甲午之役乃日本陆军近代化改革后首次出海作战,在卫生预防等方面,自身缺陷亦不少。
其最终能以压倒性的优势击溃清朝陆军,关键因素并不在武器的统一化,而在于其部队的作战理念与训练模式均已实现近代化。
略而言之:首先,清军将领还墨守镇压太平军时的“经验”,对近代战争毫无概念。譬如,清军部队大多不知如何部署步兵与炮兵,往往将炮兵阵地安排在“第一线步兵阵地内或其间隙”,使“火炮成为显著的目标,在战斗的初期阶段,屡次被日本炮兵破坏。”
而参加甲午战争的18位日军旅团级以上军官中,有一半曾到欧美留学或考察,深知如何利用火炮以给清军致命打击。
其次,清军士兵普遍训练不足,大多数时候,只要求“演走各样阵法,步伐既甚整齐,释放连环枪炮,声响亦均连贯”即可。
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