３１ 张仪拆散联盟
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自从孙膑打败魏军，魏国失了势，秦国却越来越强大。更多小说ltxsba.com秦孝公死后，他儿子秦惠文王掌了权，不断扩张势力，引起了其他六国的恐慌。怎样对付秦国的进攻呢？有一些政客帮六国出主意，主张六国结成联盟，联合抗秦。这种政策叫做“合纵”。还有一些政客帮助秦国到各国游说，要他们靠拢秦国，去攻击别的国家。这种政策叫做“连横”。其实这些政客并没有固定的政治主张，不过凭他们能说会道的嘴皮子混饭吃。不管哪国诸侯，不管哪种主张，只要谁能给他做大官就行。
在这些政客中，最出名的要数张仪。张仪是魏国人，在魏国穷困潦倒，跑到楚国去游说，楚王没接见他。楚国的令尹把他留在家里作门客。有一次，令尹家里丢失了一块名贵的璧。令尹家看张仪穷，怀疑璧是被张仪偷去的，把张仪抓起来打个半死。
张仪垂头丧气回到家里，他妻子抚摸着张仪满身伤痕，心疼地说：“你要是不读书，不出去谋官做，哪会受这样的委屈！”
张仪张开嘴，问妻子说：“我的舌头还在吗？”
妻子说：“舌头当然还长着。”
张仪说：“只要舌头在，就不愁没有出路。”
后来，张仪到了秦国，凭他的口才，果然得到秦惠文王的信任，当上了秦国的相国。这时候，六国正在组织合纵。公元前318年，楚、赵、魏、韩、燕五国组成一支联军，攻打秦国的函谷关。其实，五国之间内部也有矛盾，不肯齐心协力。经不起秦军一反击，五国联军就失败了。
在六国之中，齐、楚两国是大国。张仪认为要实行“连横”，非把齐国和楚国的联盟拆散不可。他向秦惠文王献了个计策，就被派到楚国去了。
张仪到了楚国，先拿贵重的礼物送给楚怀王手下的宠臣靳尚（靳音jin），求见楚怀王。
楚怀王听到张仪的名声很大，认真地接待他，并且向张仪请教。
张仪说：“秦王特地派我来跟贵国交好。要是大王下决心跟齐国断交，秦王不但情愿跟贵国永远和好，还愿意把商于（今河南淅川县西南）一带六百里的土地献给贵国。这样一来，既削弱了齐国的势力，又得了秦国的信任，岂不是两全其美。”
楚怀王是个糊涂虫，经张仪一游说，就挺高兴地说：“秦国要是真能这么办，我何必非要拉着齐国不撒手呢？”
楚国的大臣们听说有这样便宜事儿，都向楚怀王庆贺。只有陈轸提出反对意见。他对怀王说：“秦国为什么要把商于六百里地送给大王呢？还不是因为大王跟齐国订了盟约吗？楚国有了齐国作自己的盟国，秦国才不敢来欺负咱们。要是大王跟齐国绝交，秦国不来欺负楚国才怪呢。秦国如果真的愿意把商于的土地让给咱们，大王不妨打发人先去接收。等商于六百里土地到手以后，再跟齐国绝交也不算晚。”
楚怀王听信张仪的话，拒绝陈轸的忠告，一面跟齐国绝交，一面派人跟着张仪到秦国去接收商于。
齐宣王听说楚国同齐国绝交，马上打发使臣去见秦惠文王，约他一同进攻楚国。
楚国的使者到咸阳去接收商于，想不到张仪翻脸不认账，说：“没有这回事，大概是你们大王听错了吧。秦国的土地哪儿能轻易送人呢？我说的是六里，不是六百里，而且是我自己的封地，不是秦国的土地。”
使者回来一回报，气得楚怀王直翻白眼，发兵十万人攻打秦国。秦惠文王也发兵十万人迎战，同时还约了齐国助战。楚国一败涂地。十万人马只剩了两三万，不但商于六百里地没到手，连楚国汉中六百里的土地也给秦国夺了去。楚怀王只好忍气吞声地向秦国求和，楚国从此大伤元气。
张仪用欺骗手段收服了楚国，后来又先后到齐国、赵国、燕国，说服各国诸侯“连横”亲秦。这样，六国“合纵”联盟终于被张仪拆散了。
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