８９ 迁都许城
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董卓之乱以后，东汉王朝名存实亡，对各地州郡失去了控制。更多小说ltxsba.com各地官僚、豪强趁机会争夺地盘，形成了大大小小的割据势力。势力比较大的有冀州的袁绍、南阳的袁术、荆州（约当今湖北、湖南两省和河南、贵州、广东、广西的一部）的刘表、徐州（约当今江苏长江以北和山东东南部）的陶谦、吕布等，他们相互混战，打得昏天黑地。成千上万的百姓在混战中遭到屠杀，许多地方出现了没有人烟的荒凉景象。
曹操本来势力很小。后来，他打败了攻进兖州（今山东省西南部和河南省东部，兖音yan）的黄巾军，在兖州建立了一个据点。他还从黄巾军的降兵中，挑选一部分精锐力量，扩大了武装。以后，他又打败了陶谦和吕布，成为一个强大的割据力量。
公元195年，长安的李-和郭汜发生火并，外戚董承和一批大臣带着献帝逃出长安，回到洛阳。洛阳的宫殿，早已被董卓烧光了，到处是碎砖破瓦，荆棘野草。汉献帝到了洛阳，没有宫殿，住在一个官员的破旧住房里。一些文武官员，没有地方住，只好在断墙残壁旁边搭个草棚，遮避风雨。最大的难处是粮食没有来源。汉献帝派人到处奔走，要各地官员给朝廷输送粮食。但是大家正在忙着抢地盘，根本不把皇帝放在眼里，谁也不肯送粮来。
朝廷大臣没有办法，尚书郎以下的官员，都只好自己去挖野菜。这些平时养尊处优的官员，哪儿受得了这个苦，有的吃了几顿野菜，就倒在破墙边上饿死了。
这时候，曹操正驻兵在许城（今河南许昌），听到这个消息，就召集部下的谋士商量，要不要把汉献帝迎过来。
谋士荀-（音yu）说：“从前晋文公发兵把周襄王送回洛邑（今洛阳），成为霸主；汉高祖为义帝发丧，天下人都向着他。这样的例子历史上是不少的。现在皇上到了洛阳，困苦不堪。将军如果能把皇上迎来，这正是顺从人们的愿望。要是现在不及时去接，一旦让别人抢先迎去。我们就错过机会了。”
曹操听了，觉得很有道理，立刻派出曹洪带领一支人马到洛阳去迎接汉献帝。
董承等大臣害怕曹操，发兵阻拦曹洪的人马。后来，曹操亲自到了洛阳，向他们说明现在洛阳缺少粮食。许城有粮食，但是运输不便，只好请皇上和大臣们暂时搬到那边去。免得在这里受冻挨饿。
汉献帝和大臣听说到了许城有粮食，都巴不得早点迁都。公元196年，曹操把汉献帝迎到了许城，打那时候起，许城成了东汉临时的都城，因此称为许都。
曹操在许都给汉献帝建立了宫殿，让献帝正式上朝。曹操自封为大将军，开始用汉献帝的名义向各地州郡豪强发号施令。
首先他用献帝名义下诏书给袁绍，责备他地广兵多，只管扩大自己势力，攻打别的州郡，不来帮助朝廷。
尽管袁绍势力大，但是名义上他还是汉献帝的臣子，接到诏书以后，没法子，只好上个奏章给自己辩护。
曹操又用汉献帝名义封袁绍为太尉。这一下，袁绍可生气了。他觉得曹操当大将军，自己反在曹操底下，太丢人啦。就气冲冲地说：“曹操要不是我，哪有今天。现在他倒用皇上的名义来号令我起来了。”他上个奏章把太尉辞了。
曹操觉得自己地位还不巩固，不愿和袁绍闹翻，就把大将军的头衔让给袁绍。自己改称为车骑将军。
许都的情况暂时稳定下来了。但是日子一久，大批官员和军队的粮食供应，就发生困难。经过十年混乱，到处都在闹饥荒。如果许都的粮食问题不解决，大家也呆不下去啦。有个官员枣祗（音zhi）向曹操提出一个办法，叫做“屯田”。他请曹操把流亡的农民招集到许都郊外开垦荒地，由官府租给他农具和牲口。每年收割下来的粮食一半归官府，一半归农民。
曹操接受了枣祗的建议，发布命令，实行屯田。许都附近的荒地很快就开垦出来了。一年下来，原来已经荒了的土地上获得了丰收。光是许都的郊外就收到公粮一百万斛。曹操又在他管辖的州郡都推行屯田制，设置田官。以后，凡是实行屯田制的地方，谷仓都装得满满的。
曹操用皇帝的名义号令天下，又采用屯田办法，解决了军粮问题，还吸收了荀攸、郭嘉、满宠等一批有才能的谋士，他的实力就更加强大起来了。
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