１２３ 王猛扪虱谈天下
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桓温第一次北伐驻军灞上的时候，有一天，一个穿着一身破旧短衣的读书人到军营前求见桓温。龙腾小说网ltxsba.com桓温正想招揽人才，听说来了个读书人，很高兴地接见了他。
这个读书人名叫王猛，从小家里很贫困，靠卖畚箕过活。但是他挺喜欢读书，学问渊博。当时关中士族嫌他出身低微，瞧不起他，他毫不在乎。有人曾经请他在前秦的官府里做小官吏，他也不愿去。后来索性在华阴山隐居了下来。这次听到桓温打进关中，特地到灞上求见桓温。
桓温想试试王猛的学识才能，请王猛谈谈当今天下形势。
王猛把南北双方的政治军事形势分析得一清二楚，见解十分精辟，桓温听了不禁暗暗佩服。
王猛一面谈，一面把手伸进衣襟里摸虱子（文言是“扪虱”，扪音men）。桓温左右的兵士们见了，差一点笑出来。但是王猛却旁若无人，照样跟桓温谈得起劲。
桓温问他说：“这次我带了大军，奉皇上的命令远征关中，为百姓除害。但是为什么我来到这里，地方上的豪杰都不来找我呢？”
王猛淡淡一笑说：“您不怕千里跋涉，深入敌人腹地。但是长安近在眼前，您却不渡过灞水。大家不知道您心里怎么打算，所以不愿来见您啊。”
王猛这一番话正说中了桓温的心事。原来桓温北伐，主要是想在东晋朝廷树立他的威信，制服他在政治上的对手。他驻军灞上，不急于攻下长安，正是想保存他的实力。
桓温无话可答。但是他看出王猛是一个难得的人才，从关中退兵的时候，他再三邀请王猛一起南下，还封他一个比较高的官职。王猛知道东晋王朝的内部矛盾很大，拒绝了桓温的邀请，仍旧回到他的华阴山去了。
但是这样一来，这个摸虱子的读书人却出了名。
后来，前秦的皇帝苻健死了，他的儿子苻生是一个十分残暴的人，很快就被他的堂兄弟苻坚推翻。
苻坚是前秦王朝中一个有作为的皇帝。他在即位以前，就想找一个得力的助手。有人向他推荐王猛。
苻坚派人把王猛请了来，两个人一见如故，谈起历史上兴亡大事，见解完全吻合。苻坚高兴得了不得，认为真像刘备找到诸葛亮一样。
苻坚即位后，自称大秦天王。王猛成为他最亲信的大臣，一年里被提升五次，权力大得没人能跟他比。
那时候，王猛才三十六岁，年纪轻轻，又是汉族人。前秦的氐族老臣见到苻坚这样信任王猛，哪会心服。有个氐族大臣樊世，是跟着苻健一起打下关中的。有一次见到王猛，很生气地骂他：“我们耕种好土地，你倒来吃白饭。”
王猛也顶了他一句说：“你们不但要耕种，还要给我做饭呢！”
樊世更冒火了，说：“我不把你的头割下来挂在长安城头上，我也不想活了。”
隔了几天，樊世和王猛在苻坚面前又争论起来，樊世当着苻坚的面，要想打王猛。苻坚觉得樊世闹得不像话，把他办了死罪。从此以后，氐族官员再不敢在苻坚面前说王猛的坏话了。
王猛受苻坚的信任，帮助苻坚镇压豪强，整顿朝政。王猛兼任京兆尹的时候，太后的弟弟、光禄大夫强德酗酒闹事，强抢人家财物和妇女。王猛一到任，就逮捕了强德，一面派人报告苻坚。等到苻坚派人来宣布赦免强德，王猛早已把强德处决了。以后几十天里，长安的权门豪强，皇亲国戚，被处死、判刑、免官的二十多人。朝廷官员大为震惊，坏人也不敢胡作非为了。苻坚赞叹说：“我现在才懂得国家应该有法制呢。”
过了十几年，前秦在苻坚和王猛的治理下，国力越来越强大，先后灭掉了前燕、代国和前凉三个小国，统一了黄河流域地区。
公元375年，王猛得了重病。苻坚去探望他。王猛恳切地对苻坚说：“东晋虽然远在江南，但是它继承晋朝正统，而且现在朝廷内部相安无事。我死之后，陛下千万不要去进攻晋国。我们的敌手是鲜卑人和羌人，留着他们总是后患。一定要把他们除掉，才能保障秦国的安全。”
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