１９３ 王安石变法
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宋仁宗做了四十年皇帝，虽然也用过像范仲淹、包拯等一些正直的大臣，但是并没有改革的决心，国家越来越衰弱下去。更多小说ltxsba.com他没有儿子，死后由一个皇族子弟做他的继承人，这就是宋英宗。英宗即位四年，就害病死了。太子赵顼（音xu）
即位，这就是宋神宗。
宋神宗即位的时候才二十岁，是个比较有作为的青年。他看到国家的不景气情况，有心改革一番，可是他周围的人，都是仁宗时期的老臣，就是像富弼这样支持过新政的人，也变得暮气沉沉了。宋神宗想，要改革现状，一定得找个得力的助手。
宋神宗即位前，身边有个官员叫韩维，常常在神宗面前谈一些很好的见解。神宗称赞他，他说：“这些意见都是我朋友王安石说的。”宋神宗虽然没见过王安石，但是对王安石已经有了一个好印象。现在他想找助手，自然想到了王安石，就下了一道命令，把正在江宁做官的王安石调到京城来。
王安石是宋朝著名的文学家和政治家，抚川临川（今江西抚州西）人。他年轻时候，文章写得十分出色，得到欧阳修的赞赏。王安石二十岁中进士，就做了几任地方官。他在鄞县（今浙江鄞县，鄞音yin）当县官的时候，正逢到那里灾情严重，百姓生活十分困难。王安石兴修水利，改善交通，治理得井井有条。每逢青黄不接的季节，穷人的口粮接不上，他就打开官仓，把粮食借给农民，到秋收以后，要他们加上官定的利息偿还。这样做，农民可以不再受大地主豪强的重利盘剥，日子比较好过一些。
王安石做了二十年地方官，名声越来越大。后来，宋仁宗调他到京城当管理财政的官，他一到京城，就向仁宗上了一份万言书（约一万字的奏章）提出他对改革财政的主张。宋仁宗刚刚废除范仲淹的新政，一听到要改革就头疼，把王安石的奏章搁在一边。王安石知道朝廷没有改革的决心，跟一些大臣又合不来，他就趁母亲去世的时机，辞职回家。
这一回，他接到宋神宗召见的命令，又听说神宗正在物色人才，就高高兴兴应召上京。
王安石一到京城，宋神宗就叫他单独进宫谈话。神宗一见面就问他说：“你看要治理国家，该从哪儿着手？”
王安石从容不迫地回答说：“先从改革旧的法度，建立新的法制开始。”
宋神宗要他回去写个详细的改革意见。王安石回家以后，当天晚上就写了一份意见书，第二天送给神宗。宋神宗认为王安石提出的意见都合他的心意，越加信任王安石。公元1069年，宋神宗把王安石提升为副宰相。那时候，朝廷里名义上有四名宰相，病的病了，老的老了。有的虽然不病不老，但是一听见改革就叫苦连天。王安石知道，跟这批人一起办不了大事，经过宋神宗批准，任用了一批年轻的官员，并且设立了一个专门制定新法的机构，把变法的权抓了来。这样一来，他就放开手脚进行改革了。
王安石变法的主要内容是：
一、青苗法。这个办法是他在鄞县试用过的，现在拿来推广到全国实行。
二、农田水利法。政府鼓励地方兴修水利，开垦荒地。
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