２２８ 土木堡的惨败
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明太祖在位的时候，吸取了历史上宦官专权引起国家混乱的教训，立下一条规矩，不让宦官过问国家政事。龙腾小说ltxsba.com他把这条规矩写在大铁牌上，挂在宫里，想要他的子孙世世代代遵守。但是到明成祖的时候，这条规矩就给废除了。
明成祖从他侄儿手里夺得皇位，怕大臣反对他，特别信任身边的宦官，在他迁都北京以后，就在东安门外设立“东厂”，专门刺探大臣和百姓当中有没有谋反嫌疑的人。他怕外面的大臣靠不住，让亲信太监做东厂提督。这样，宦官的权力渐渐大起来。到了明宣宗的时候，连皇帝批阅奏章，也交给一个宦官代笔，叫做司礼监。这一来，宦官的权力更大了。有一年，皇宫招收一批太监。蔚州（今河北蔚县，蔚音yu）地方的一个流氓，名叫王振，年轻的时候读过一点书，参加几次科举考试没考取，在县里当教官，后来因为犯罪，本来该充军，他听说皇宫招太监，就自愿进宫做了太监。宫里识字的太监不多，只有王振粗通文字，大家都叫他王先生。后来，明宣宗派他教太子朱祁镇读书。朱祁镇年幼爱玩，王振想出各种各样法子让他玩得痛快，朱祁镇挺喜欢他。
明宣宗死后，刚满九岁的太子朱祁镇即位，这就是明英宗。王振当上司礼监，帮助明英宗批阅奏章。明英宗一味追求玩乐，根本不问国事。王振趁机把朝廷军政大权抓在手里。朝廷大员谁敢得罪王振，不是被撤职，就是充军。一些王公贵戚都讨王振的好，称呼他“翁父”。王振的权力可算顶了天了。
这个时候，我国北方蒙古族的瓦剌（音la）部强大起来。公元1449年，瓦剌首领也先派三千名使者到北京，进贡马匹，要求赏金。王振发现也先谎报人数，削减了赏金和马价。也先为他的儿子向明朝求婚，也被王振拒绝。这一来激怒了也先，也先率领瓦剌骑兵进攻大同。守大同的明将出兵抵抗，被瓦剌军打得大败。
边境的官员向朝廷告急，明英宗慌忙召集大臣商量怎么对付。大同离开王振家乡蔚州不远，王振在蔚州有大批田产，他怕蔚州被瓦剌军侵占，竭力主张英宗带兵亲征。兵部尚书（兵部尚书和侍郎是军事部门的正副长官）邝-（音kuangye，-同野）和侍郎于谦认为朝廷没充分准备，不能亲征。明英宗是个没主见的人，王振怎么说，他就怎么做，不管大臣劝谏，就冒冒失失决定亲征。
明英宗叫他弟弟-（音cheng）王朱祁钰（音yu）和于谦留守北京，自己跟王振、邝-等官员一百多人，带领五十万大军从北京出发，浩浩荡荡向大同赶去。
这次出兵，本来从没好好准备，军队纪律涣散。一路上又遇到大风暴雨，没有走几天，粮食就接济不上，兵士们又饿又冷，还没有碰上瓦剌兵，已经叫苦连天。到了大同附近，兵士们看到郊外的田野里，到处都横着明军兵士的尸体，更加人心惶惶。有个大臣发现士气低落，劝英宗退兵，被王振臭骂一顿，还罚跪了一天。
过了几天，明军前锋在大同城边被瓦剌军杀得全军覆没，各路明军纷纷溃退下来。到了这时候，王振感到情况危急，才下令退兵回北京。退兵本来是越快越好，但是王振却想到他老家蔚州去摆摆威风，劝英宗到蔚州去住几天。几十万将士离开大同，往蔚州方向跑了四十里地。王振又转念一想，这么多的兵马到蔚州，他家庄田里的庄稼岂不要遭到损失，又匆匆忙忙下命令往回走。这样一折腾，拖延了撤兵的时间，被瓦剌的追兵赶上了。
明军一面抵抗，一面败退，一直退到土木堡（在今河北怀来东）。那时候，太阳刚刚下山，有人劝英宗趁天没黑，再赶一阵，进了怀来城（今河北怀来）再休息，瓦剌军赶来，也可以坚守。可是王振却因为装运他财产的几千辆车子还没到，硬要大军在土木堡停下来。土木堡名称叫做堡，其实没有什么城堡可守。明军大队人马赶了几天路，口渴得像火烧，但是土木堡没有水源。离开土木堡十五里的地方有条河，已经被瓦剌军占领了。兵士们就地挖井，挖了两丈深，也没找到水。
第二天，天刚蒙蒙亮，瓦剌军赶到土木堡，把明军紧紧包围起来。明英宗知道没法突围，只好派人向也先求和。也先一打听，明英宗带的明军人数还不少，要打硬仗，自己也要遭到损失，就假装答应议和，停止进攻。
明英宗和王振信以为真，十分高兴，下命令让兵士到附近找水喝。兵士们争先恐后跳出壕沟往河边跑，乱成一团，将领们要制止也制止不了。
这时候，早就埋伏好的瓦剌军兵士从四面八方冲杀过来，个个抡起长刀，大声吆喝着：“投降的不杀！”
明军兵士一听，纷纷丢盔弃甲，狂奔乱逃。瓦剌军紧紧追赶，被杀的和被乱兵踩死的，不计其数。邝-也在混乱中被杀死。
明英宗和王振带着一批禁军，几次想突围都没冲出去。平时作威作福的王振，这时候却吓得直发抖。禁军将领樊忠，早就恨透了这个祸国殃民的奸贼，气愤地说：“我为天下百姓杀死你这个奸贼。”说着，抡起手里的大铁锤，朝着王振脑门一锤砸去，结果了王振的性命。樊忠自己冲向瓦剌军，拼杀了一阵，中枪倒下。
明英宗眼看脱逃没有希望，只好跳下马来，盘着腿坐在地上等死。瓦剌兵赶上来，俘虏了明英宗。历史上把这次事件称作“土木之变”。
经过这一场战斗，五十万明军，损失了一大半，明王朝元气大伤。瓦剌首领也先却更加骄横起来，北京也受到了瓦剌军的威胁。守卫京城的责任，就落在英宗的弟弟-王朱祁钰和于谦的身上了。
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