２４２ 袁崇焕大战宁远
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当魏忠贤的阉党把明朝朝政闹得乌烟瘴气的时候，后金大汗努尔哈赤正不断在辽东进攻明军。更多小说ltxsba.com萨尔浒大战以后，明王朝派了一位老将熊廷弼出关指挥辽东军事。熊廷弼是个很有才能的将领，可是担任广宁（今辽宁北镇）巡抚的王化弼却认为熊廷弼出关，影响了他的地位，千方百计阻挠熊廷贞的指挥。公元1622年，努尔哈赤向广宁进攻，王化贞带头逃进关内。熊廷弼无法抵御，只好保护一些百姓退到山海关内。
广宁失守，明王朝不分青红皂白，把熊廷弼和王化贞一起打进大牢。魏忠贤趁机向熊廷弼敲榨勒索，要熊廷弼拿出四万两银子，才免他死罪。熊廷弼是个正派人，哪来这些钱，当然拒绝。阉党就诬陷熊廷弼贪污军饷，把他处死。
明王朝杀了熊廷弼，派谁去抵抗后金军呢？掌管军事的兵部衙门正在着急。恰恰在这个时候，主事（官名）袁崇焕忽然失踪。衙门里的人找到他家里，家里的人也不知道他的去向。过了几天，袁崇焕才回来，原来他看到国事危急，单独一个人骑着马到山海关外视察去了。
袁崇焕详细研究了关内外的形势，回来向兵部尚书孙承宗报告，并且说：“只要给我人马军饷，我能负责守住辽东。”
一些朝廷大臣正被后金的攻势吓破了胆，听袁崇焕自告奋勇，也都赞成让袁崇焕去试一试。明熹宗批准给他二十万饷银，要他负责督率关外的明军。
关外经过几年战争，一片荒凉，遍地都是死亡兵士的尸骨，加上冰天雪地，野兽横行，环境十分艰苦。袁崇焕出关后，带着几个随从兵士，连夜在荒野上骑马奔驰，天没亮就到了宁远（今辽宁兴城）的前屯。他在那里收容难民，修筑工事。那里的将士对袁崇焕的勇气和毅力，没有一个不钦佩的。
袁崇焕在关外，经过一番实地考察，决心派兵进驻宁远，在那里修筑防守工事，他把他的主张报告朝廷后，立刻得到孙承宗的支持。
袁崇焕在宁远筑起三丈二尺高、二丈宽的城墙，装备了各种火器、火炮。孙承宗还派了几支人马分驻在宁远附近的锦州、松山等地方，声援宁远。
袁崇焕号令严明，受到军民的爱戴。关外各地的商人听说宁远防守巩固，从四面八方拥到宁远来。辽东的危急局面很快扭转过来。
正当孙承宗、袁崇焕守卫辽东有了进展的时候，却遭到魏忠贤的猜忌。魏忠贤唆使阉党说了孙承宗不少坏话，孙承宗被迫离职。
魏忠贤排挤了孙承宗，派了他们的同党高第指挥辽东军事。高第是个庸碌无能的家伙，他一到山海关，就召集将领开会，说后金军太厉害，关外没法防守，要各路明军全部撤进山海关内。
袁崇焕坚决反对撤兵，他说：“我们好容易在关外站稳脚跟，哪能轻易放弃！”
高第硬要袁崇焕放弃宁远。袁崇焕气愤地说：“我的职守是防守宁远，要死也死在那里，决不后撤。”
高第说不服袁崇焕，只好答应袁崇焕带领一部分明军留在宁远，却下命令要关外其他地区的明军，限期撤退到关内。这道命令下得十分突然，各地守军毫无准备，匆匆忙忙地退兵，把储存在关外的十几万担军粮丢得精光。
努尔哈赤看到明军撤退的狼狈相，认为明朝容易对付，公元1626年，他亲自率领十三万大军，渡过辽河，进攻宁远。
那时候，守在宁远周围几个据点的明军都已经撤走，宁远城只剩下一万多兵士，处境十分孤立。但是袁崇焕并不气馁。他咬破指头，写了一份誓死抗金的血书，给将士们看，并且说了一番激励大家的话。将士们听了，都感动得热血沸腾，纷纷表示一定跟着袁将军一起死守宁远。
接着，袁崇焕就命令城外百姓全部带了粮食、用具撤进城里，把城外的民房烧掉，叫后金军队来了没有粮食和掩体。他向城里的官员分派了任务，有的管军粮供应，有的清查内奸。他还发信给山海关的明军守将，如果发现宁远逃回关内的官兵，要他们就地处斩。这几道命令一下，宁远的人心都安定下来，大家除了一心一意守城杀敌之外，没有别的念头。
过了二十来天，努尔哈赤带领后金军气势汹汹地到了宁远城下。大批后金兵士头顶盾牌，冒着明军的箭石、炮火，猛烈攻城。明军虽然英勇抵抗，但是后金兵倒下一批，又来一批。在这紧急的关头，袁崇焕下令动用早就准备好的大炮，向后金军发射。炮声响处，只见一团火焰，后金兵士被轰得血肉横飞，留下的也被迫后撤。
第二天，努尔哈赤亲自督战，集中大股兵力攻城。袁崇焕登上城楼-望台，沉着地监视后金军的行动。直等到后金军冲到逼近城墙的地方，他才命令炮手瞄准敌人密集的地方发炮。这一炮使后金军受到更大伤亡。正在后面督战的努尔哈赤也受了重伤，不得不下令撤退。
袁崇焕听到敌人退兵，就乘胜杀出城去，一直追赶了三十里，才得胜回城。
努尔哈赤受了重伤，回到沈阳，跟他的部下说：“我从二十五岁以来，战无不胜，攻无不克，没想小小的宁远城攻不下来。”他又气又伤心，加上伤势越来越重，拖了几天，就咽了气。他的第八个儿子皇太极接替他做了后金大汗。
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