２４４ 徐霞客远游探险
最新网址：m.ltxsdz.com
当明王朝闹得乌烟瘴气的时候，在江阴地方有个青年，不满朝政腐败，不愿应科举考试、谋求做官，却立志游历祖国的名山大川，探索自然的奥秘。龙腾小说ltxsba.com他就是我国历史上杰出的地理学家徐霞客。
徐霞客名叫徐弘祖，霞客是他的别号。他从小爱读历史、地理一类书籍、图册。在私塾读书的时候，老师督促他读儒家经书，他往往背着老师，把地理书放在经书下面偷看，看到出神的时候，禁不住眉飞色舞。
十几岁那年，他的父亲死去，他决心亲自到名山大川去游历考察一番。但是他想到母亲年纪老了，家里没人照顾，没敢提这件事。
他的心事毕竟被母亲觉察到了。当母亲了解到他有这样的愿望，跟他说：“男儿志在四方，哪能为了我留在家里，做篱笆下的小鸡、马圈里的小马呢！”母亲为他准备行装，还给他缝制了一顶远游冠。有了母亲的热情支持，徐霞客远游的决心更坚定了。
徐霞客在他二十二岁那年，开始离家外出游历。他先后游历了太湖、洞庭山、天台山、雁荡山、泰山、武夷山和北方的五台山、恒山等名山。每次游历回家，他跟亲友谈起各地的奇风异俗和游历中的惊险情景，别人都吓得说不出话来，他母亲却听得津津有味。
后来，老母亲死了，徐霞客就把他全副精力扑在游历考察的事业上。在他五十岁那年，他开始了一次路程漫长的旅行。他化了整整四年时间，游历了湖南、广西、贵州、云南四省，一直到我国边境腾冲。他跋山涉水，到过许多人迹不到的地方，攀登悬崖峭壁，考察奇峰异洞。有一次他在腾越经过一座高耸的山峰，发现悬崖上有一个岩洞，根本没路可通。他冒着生命危险，像猿猴一样爬上了悬崖，终于到达了洞口。
又有一次，他在湖南茶陵，听说当地有个麻叶洞，洞里有神龙或者精怪，不是有法术的人，都不敢进洞。徐霞客不信神怪，他出了高价雇个当地人当向导，进洞考察。正要进洞的时候，向导问他是什么人，当他知道徐霞客是个普通读书人的时候，向导吓得直往后退，说：“我以为您是什么法师，才敢跟您一起进洞，原来是个读书人，我才不冒这个险呢。”
徐霞客并不罢休，带着他的仆人举起火把进洞。村里的百姓听到有人进洞，都拥到洞口来看热闹。徐霞客在洞里考察了很久，一直到火把快烧完才出来。围在洞口的百姓看他们安全出洞，都十分惊奇：说：“我们等了好久，以为你们一定给妖精吃了呢。”
徐霞客漫游西南的时候，除了随身的一个仆人外，还有一个名叫静闻的和尚和他们作伴。有一次，他们在湘江乘船的时候，遇到了强盗，他们的行李财物被抢劫一空，静闻和尚因为受伤，在半路上死去。到最后，连他随身的仆人也离开他逃走了。但是这些挫折都没有动摇他探索自然的决心。
徐霞客在旅途中，每天晚上休息之前，把当天见到的听到的都详细记录，即使在荒山野林里露宿的日子，也总是在篝火旁，伏在包袱上坚持写日记。公元1641年徐霞客去世后，留下了大量日记，这实际上是他的地理考察记录。经过他的实地考察，纠正了过去地理书上记载的错误，发现了过去没人记载过的地理现象。像古代地理书上说岷江是长江的上游，徐霞客经过考察，弄清楚长江上游不是岷江而是金沙江。又像他在云南腾冲打鹰山考察的时候，发现了那里曾经发生火山爆发的遗迹，他在游历中考察最多的是岩溶现象，在桂林七星岩，他对那里千姿百态的石钟乳、石笋、石乳等地形，进行详细的记载。这是世界上最早研究岩溶现象的记录。后来，人们把他的日记编成一本《徐霞客游记》。这部书不但是我国古代地理学上宝贵文献，还称得上一部优秀的文学著作呢！
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