２５６ 三征噶尔丹
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沙俄政府在雅克萨失败以后，并不甘心，就在尼布楚条约签订的第二年，又唆使准噶尔部（蒙古族的一支）的首领噶尔丹进攻漠北蒙古。更多小说ltxsba.com
那时候，蒙古族分为漠南蒙古、漠北蒙古和漠西蒙古三个部分。除了漠南蒙古早已归属清朝外，其他两部也都臣服了清朝。准噶尔是漠西蒙古的一支，本来在伊犁一带过游牧生活。自从噶尔丹统治准噶尔部以后，他野心勃勃，先兼并了漠西蒙古的其他部落，又向东进攻漠北蒙古。漠北蒙古抵抗一陈失败了，几十万的漠北蒙古人逃到漠南，请求清朝政府保护。康熙帝派使者到噶尔丹那里，叫他把侵占的地方还给漠北蒙古。噶尔丹自以为有沙俄撑腰，十分骄横，不但不肯退兵，还以追击漠北蒙古为名，大举进犯漠南。
康熙帝召集大臣宣布他决定亲征噶尔丹。他认为噶尔丹气势汹汹，野心不小，既然打进来，非反击不可。公元1690年，康熙帝分兵两路：左路由抚远大将军福全率领，出古北口；右路由安北大将军常宁率领，出喜峰口，康熙帝亲自带兵在后面指挥。
右路清军先接触噶尔丹军，打了败仗。噶尔丹长驱直入，一直打到离开北京只有七百里的乌兰布通（今内蒙古昭乌达盟克什克腾旗）。噶尔丹得意扬扬，还派使者向清军要求交出他们的仇人。
康熙帝命令福全反击。噶尔丹把几万骑兵集中在大红山下，后面有树林掩护，前面又有河流阻挡。他把上万只骆驼，缚住四脚躺在地上，驼背上加上箱子，用湿毡毯裹住，摆成长长的一个驼城。叛军就在那箱垛中间射箭放枪，阻止清军进攻。
清军用火炮火枪对准驼城的一段集中轰击，炮声隆隆，响得震天动地。驼城被打开了缺口。清军的步兵骑兵一起冲杀过去，福全又派兵绕出山后夹击，把叛军杀得七零八落，纷纷丢了营寨逃走。
噶尔丹一看形势不利，赶快派个喇嘛到清营求和。福全一面停止追击，一面派人向康熙帝请示。康熙帝下令说：“快进军追击！别中了贼人的诡计。”果然，噶尔丹求和只是缓兵之计，等清军奉命追击的时候，噶尔丹已经带了残兵逃到漠北去了。
噶尔丹回到漠北，表面向清朝政府表示屈服，暗地里重新招兵买马。公元1694年，康熙帝约噶尔丹会见，订立盟约。噶尔丹不但不来，还暗地派人到漠南煽动叛乱。他扬言他们已经向沙俄政府借到鸟枪兵六万，将大举进攻。内蒙古各部亲王纷纷向康熙帝告发。
公元1696年，康熙帝第二次亲征，分三路出击：黑龙江将军萨布素从东路进兵；大将军费杨古率陕西，甘肃的兵，从西路出兵，截击噶尔丹的后路；康熙帝亲自带中路军，从独石口出发。三路大军约定时期夹攻。
康熙帝的中路军到了科图，遇到了敌军前锋，但东西两路还没有到达，这时候，有人传说沙俄将要出兵帮助噶尔丹。随行的一些大臣就有点害怕起来，劝康熙帝班师回北京。康熙帝气愤地说：“我这次出征，没有见到叛贼就退兵，怎么向天下人交代；再说，我中路一退，叛军全力对付西路，西路不是危险了吗？”
当下，康熙帝决定继续进兵克鲁伦河，并且派使者去见噶尔丹，告诉他康熙帝亲征的消息。噶尔丹在山头一望，见到康熙帝黄旗飘扬，军容整齐，连夜拔营撤退。
康熙帝一面派兵追击，一面赶快通知西路军大将费扬古，要他们在半路上截击。
噶尔丹带兵奔走了五天五夜，到了昭莫多（在今蒙古人民共和国乌兰巴托东南）正好遇到费扬古军。昭莫多原是一座大树林，前面有一个开阔地带，历来是漠北的战场。费扬古按照康熙帝的部署，在小山的树林茂密地方设下埋伏，先派先锋四百人诱战，边战边退，把叛军引到预先埋伏的地方，清军先下马步战，听到号角声起，就一跃上马，占据了出顶。叛军向山顶进攻，清军从山顶放箭发枪，展开了一场激战。费扬古又派出一支人马在山下袭击叛军辎重，前后夹击。叛军死的死，降的降。最后，噶尔丹只带了几十名骑兵脱逃。
经过两次大战，噶尔丹判乱集团土崩瓦解，康熙帝要噶尔丹投降，但是噶尔丹继续顽抗。隔了一年，康熙帝又带兵渡过黄河亲征。这时候，噶尔丹原来的根据地伊犁已经被他侄儿策妄阿那布坦占领；他的左右亲信听说清军来到，也纷纷投降，愿意做清军的向导。噶尔丹走投无路，就服毒自杀。
打那以后，清政府重新控制了阿尔泰山以东的漠北蒙古，给当地蒙古贵族各种封号和官职。清政府又在乌里雅苏台设立将军，统辖漠北蒙古。
后来，噶尔丹的侄儿策妄阿那布坦攻占西藏。公元1720年，康熙帝又派兵远征西藏，驱逐了策妄阿那布坦，护送达赖喇嘛六世进藏。以后，清政府又在拉萨设置驻藏大臣，代表中央政府同达赖、班禅共同管理西藏。
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