第一十二章
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残诗1
怨谁？怨谁？这是青天里打雷？
关着，锁上；赶明儿瓷花砖上堆灰！
别瞧这白石台阶儿光润2，赶明儿，唉，
石缝里长草，石上松上青青的全是莓！
那廊下的青玉缸里养着鱼，真凤尾，
可还有谁给换水，谁给捞草，谁给喂？
要不了三五天准翻着白肚鼓着眼，
不浮着死，也就让冰分儿压一个扁！
顶可怜是那几个红嘴绿毛的鹦哥，
让娘娘教得顶乖，会跟着洞箫唱歌，
真娇养惯，喂食一迟，就叫人名儿骂，
现在，您叫去！就剩空院子给您答话！……
1写于1925年1月，初载于同年1月15日《晨报·文学旬刊》，署名徐志摩，原题为《残诗一首》。龙腾小说网ltxsba.com
21925年8月版《志摩的诗》”光润”为”光滑”。
《残诗》写于清朝末代皇帝被逐出皇宫的时候。题目叫《残诗》，可能有两种命意：一是作者自己废弃的一篇较长的诗仅留下来的一部分（象现在这个样子，却是一首完整的独立的短诗）；二是和作者常慨叹的当时国家的”残破”和他自己所谓思想感情的残破有一定关系。但不管其命意如何，《残诗》有着较高的艺术价值。在语言上，全诗用口语写成，这在作者的全部诗作中也是相当突出的，值得注意的是，作者采用社会下层人民的日常口语来描绘满清上层阶级的败落景象。本来卑下与高贵在昔日有着森严的界限，但时过境迁，今非昔比，原先强盛的现已残败，作者用市井语言去写显贵宫庭的败落，脱尽了宫庭的脂粉气，还原了世俗的纯朴自然，在语境和情调上形成一种特殊的氛围，这是仅用书面语所无法达到的效果。当然，《残诗》中的日常口语，经过了作者精心提炼，已经没有日常口语的零乱芜杂，可说是”珠圆玉润”。在诗的句法与章法的安排上，《残诗》也有独到之处，它不象徐志摩的其他许多新诗那样，在句法和章法上注重排比和对称，相反，这里追求的是句子结构的错杂，力避句子结构的类同，虽然整首诗在外在形象上齐整得象块豆腐干，但句子结构极其灵活多变，句子与句子之间是一种松散的、自由的流动关系，加之作者不断地变化句子语气，用疑问、反诘、感叹、否定语气来避免过多的直陈句，表达出一种变幻不定的思绪，增强了诗内在的张力和弹性。在押韵技巧上，从脚韵安排讲，是西诗常用的偶韵体，两行押一韵，两行换一韵，这种诗体在英国过去叫”英雄偶韵体”，但到后来，却适于用来写讽刺诗。《残诗》作者也这样用而没有流于庸俗，既自然贴切，又极富音律美。
《残诗》在语言、节奏和韵律、句法和章法上有许多成功之处，但它最耐人品味的还在于意象的选择和情境的表现上。作者构思新颖，不落窠臼，避免了一般诗人可能写的老套法（即用铺叙的手法展现昔日的豪华显贵、借以感慨今日的冷落残败），直白石台阶、凤尾鱼、鹦鹉，这些意象本身就能让人联想到宫庭昔日的豪华显贵；他也直接从表现”今天”着手，预示昔日的一切都将褪去原有的色彩、将消隐原有的存在：瓷花砖上将堆积灰尘、白石台阶也要长草和生苔、珍贵的凤尾鱼将要饿死、聪明而刁钻的鹦鹉不再有人理会，展示出一幅由盛而衰的封建帝王没落的画面。值得一提的是，鹦鹉这一意象的选择在深化意境、渲染情调上有着重要的作用。鹦鹉出现前，满清废宫的败落景象被统一在一种无声的寂静的视觉画面中，鹦鹉的声音打破了这种寂静，出现了听觉的喧闹，但随即这种听觉的喧闹又与”空院子”一同归于沉寂。以有声衬托无声，就显得更加寂静了，废宫的景象也就愈显得败落。《残诗》也有感于兴衰、沧桑的表现，但决不是我国旧日诗人的怀旧恋古，其基调是嘲弄的，为此，诗人选择了鹦鹉这一意象，让它们以喜剧的角色出现，这些鹦鹉们，聪明乖巧，也骄横刁钻，怎奈它们不能解人世的沧桑和世事的沉浮，在主子失去权势后，仍然愚蠢地聒噪不已，真真可怜又可笑！作者最后巧用一个”您”字和”空”字，既点出了其可怜的必然的结局，又极富嘲讽意味，让人回味无穷。
（王德红）
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