第六百三十二节 肥皂是新产业
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这轮改革的最后一个方向是军事改革。更多小说ltxsba.com
文鸢他们上次军事改革,本来的目的是向建立义务兵役制,可是大明当时八千万人口,现在则必然会突破一亿人口,因为一千多万人口浙江和四五百万人口的云南,将很快就并入大明的版图。
一亿人口,而且是经过太平天国战乱,老弱病残经过自然淘汰后,主要以年轻人为主的一亿人口,这样的人口结构和规模下,进行义务兵役制,那得组建多么庞大的軍队。
所以朱敬伦始终认为,大明这种人口规模,根本不适合搞义务兵役制,而应该主要采用募兵制。
軍队的薪水不低的情况下,年轻人当兵的热情很高,募兵制不缺乏兵员。
所以这次军事改革甚至可以说算不上是一次改革,因为不涉及根本性的制度变化,仅仅是以目前的军事制度,进行数量上的扩编而已。
扩编的目标是,将正规军扩充到三十万人,预备役达到七十万,已经动员能够组建一百万的軍队。
各项改革的筹备持续正正一个秋季,在年底前终于相继出台各种措施。
这些措施显然还不可能马上收到效果,但是大明的经济表现确实开始变好了,显然这是世界经济变好带来的影响。
显著的标志是丝茶出口规模的上升,在过去的五年间,这两大出口产品增长几乎陷于停滞状态,生丝出口额仅仅提高了百分之十,而茶叶出口竟然只上升了百分之五,显然大明的这两项产业已经完全饱和了。
由于丝茶贸易的疲软,这几年间大明的进出口增长也很缓慢,仅仅从八千万两增加到一亿两而已,而且由于进口钢材激增,进口额增长速度远远高于出口增长,去年出口只有六千两百万两,而进口就达到了七千四百多万两,这还没有计算粮食进口,否则的话贸易逆差得用十亿两计算了。
大明生丝工业这两年的衰退第一原因当然是经济危机,经济危机的影响人群,主要是城市中产阶层,不管是中国本国,还是西方市场,消费丝绸的都不可能是乡下的农民,而是更懂得追求生活品质的中产阶层,正是因为工业化早就了西方广大的中产阶层,才让生丝变成了一项大宗贸易品。工业革命之前,中国生丝出口最多也就是千担计算,但现在已经是十万担的生产规模了。
第二个原因则是大明商人在江浙地区开办了数量众多的机器缫丝厂,让江南地区的生丝品质大大提升,席卷西方市场的同时,其实也挤压了大明生丝的出口份额。所以这几年生丝产业才举步维艰,出口始终无法扩大。
但总的说来,对大明生丝工业的资本积累是有利的,因为垄断江南及机器生丝的生产,攫取的利润远胜在大明境内开办缫丝业。江南蚕茧质地优良,气候造就的独特优势,不是短期内能够被竞争对手超越的。但是江南生丝主要是手工产品,存在一个不均匀的死穴,所以价格上是很吃亏的。
这导致西方人将江南的生丝进行重新加工之后,反而能够大获其利。法国人记载,“在里昂普通白丝每公斤价值47法郎,而再缫丝则值63法郎”,江南的土丝出口法国,法国人再加工之后都能获利颇丰,这本身也是因为江南生丝自身的品质确实优良。
清朝维新派文人陈炽在1896年著作的续富国策中记述道:“中国出口之生丝,每包百觔,仅值三百余金,上海西人所设缫丝工厂,购中国蚕茧,以机器缫之,每包值七百余金,高下悬殊,中国湖丝出口二、三百年,各口通商六、七十年,上海西人设立机器缫丝厂亦一、二十年即收取每包七百余金之利,中国尚可谓有人乎?”
现在大明缫丝资本进入江南,其实就是取代了后来外国人,尤其是日本人在上海设立缫丝厂开始攫取超额利润。
目前大明在江浙一带创办的缫丝工业,已经占了江南生丝产量的一半,但是利润水平却比土丝高一倍以上,几乎是对半开的利润。
而且大大促进了江南生丝的出口,去年一年出口的生丝达到了四万包,价格达到四百五十两一包,利润就高达两百两,其中一半为大明商人占据,就赚取了四百万两的利润。
但广東生丝出口被挤压的只有六万包,每包正好一担,而且广東生丝在交易所挂牌价,始终都比江浙生丝低很多,江浙生丝去年价格是四百五十两,比广東生丝要高七八十两。
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