第八百二十五节 大战一触即发
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时间是1903年3月,加利福尼亚危机爆发后两个月,德皇威廉二世访问摩洛哥港口,发表反法演讲,挑起了摩洛哥危机。更多小说ltxsba.com
起因则是法国在摩洛哥的扩张。
去年刚刚结束了布尔战争后,英国为了改善被整个欧洲,尤其是法俄同盟和德奥同盟两大同盟同时仇视的局面,开始寻求改善跟法国的关系。
刚刚继位的英国国王爱德华七世访问了法国,在访问法国初期,法国人对英国国王是抵触的。
决定出访前,爱德华七世问英国首相说,“会遭到什么对待”,首相说可能会有人往你脸上吐,爱德华七世说,“如果真的吐到我脸上,我不擦,让风把它吹干。”
他做到了,用唾面自干来展现他的气度。
到了法国后,巴黎街头的法国民众很不友好,高喊着“布尔人万岁”“法绍达万岁”,给了爱德华七世一个下马威。
但爱德华七世没有恼怒,到处微笑着挥手,向任何人展现魅力。
他在法国发表热情洋溢的演说,称赞法国人民和法国文化的伟大,表明自己对法国的仰慕和热爱之情,声称英法两国是唇齿相依的邻邦,一荣倶荣,一损倶损。访问途中,爱德华七世只要听见《马赛曲》就赶紧立正,敬礼!
由于这些出色的政治表演,让他踏上归程的时候,法国人自发聚集在码头欢送,“国王万岁”的呼声在人群中响起,这是普法战争之后,法国人第一次响起“国王万岁”的呼声。
爱德华七世访问之后,英法很快就达成了协议,主要内容是法国不干涉英国在埃及的行动,英国承认法国在摩洛哥有维护安宁和协助改革的权力。划定两国在暹罗的势力范围;以湄公河为界,西半部为英国势力范围,东半部为法国势力范围;法国放弃在纽芬兰独占的捕鱼权,英国让给法国西非一些殖民地。
不能将英法协约的成功完全归功于英国国王的政治作秀,因为之前法国已经率先释放了善意,法国外长率先表示,愿意在国际问题上跟英国保持一致行动,说法国不生产英国出口的商品,比如法国不产棉布,只产葡萄酒和奢侈品,跟英国之间没有利害冲突。
爱德华七世访法也是法国总统邀请的。
所以说更多的是法国不愿意在德国的压力下,跟其他任何国家交恶,尤其是英国这样的世界霸权国家,既然德国在向大英帝国发起挑战,法国当然要拉拢英国。
可与之对比的是,沙皇也曾以政治任务出访过,1875年他访问德国,为了化解德国对法国的威胁,表达俄国不愿意看到德国继续削弱法国的意愿,俾斯麦屈服了。但沙皇高调的宣传此事,让整个欧洲都知道,在关键时刻是沙皇保护了法国。沙皇将所有的荣誉都贴在了自己脸上,导致德国人对俄国的观感继续恶化,此时德俄关系开始走向下坡路,几年后俾斯麦停止了对俄国的经济输血,拒绝向俄国贷款。
如果沙皇能够低调一些,不将自己扮演成法国的保护人,而是将自己打扮成一个谦逊的和平主义者,显然更能被德国人所接受。
这次摩洛哥危机,其实也就是德国皇帝,类似沙皇一样的表演行为引发的。
先是法国在跟英国签署了协约之后,得到英国支持他们在摩洛哥的行动。
法国人很快就要求摩洛哥政府在法国的监督之下进行改革,要求控制摩洛哥重要港口的关税、要求摩洛哥聘用法国军事教官,要求摩洛哥给予法国开矿筑路的权力,希望加强法国对摩洛哥的控制力,让摩洛哥成为法国的保护国。
但是德国不干了,德国在摩洛哥没有太大的特权,但是拥有经济利益,他们在向摩洛哥大量出口和转口商品。比如摩洛哥危机前,法国向摩洛哥转口茶叶四五百吨,德国也转口了一百多吨。但德国在摩洛哥没有其他特权,距离摩洛哥也隔着半个欧洲,犯不着跟法国争夺这里。
可是,德皇威廉二世当即访问摩洛哥港口丹吉尔港,声称摩洛哥苏丹是“独立君主”,列强在摩洛哥“地位绝对平等”,公开反对法国把摩洛哥变为其保护国。
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