第21节：第一章 葡萄牙(15)
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根据明朝的海禁政策，中国的“寸板片帆不得下海”，全面禁止对外海上贸易，只有朝贡国才可在指定的地点和限定的时间内进行贸易。龙腾小说网ltxsba.com由于获利巨大，沿海封疆大吏多主张对外贸易，甚至不经请示朝廷就自行其是，广东尤为积极。当时的葡萄牙人所以能进入广州，想来也是沾了这个光。但在陈金与朝廷公文往来的三四个月间，葡萄牙人却借助经商在广州城中四处打探消息，获得了大量情况，甚至在元宵节期间一个叫安东尼奥?费尔南德斯的人趁守卫松懈，爬上了广州城墙，数清楚城墙上共有90个防卫箭楼。
在皮雷士努力争取武宗召见的时候，费尔南于1520年回到葡萄牙，他被当作“发现中国的英雄”受到热烈欢迎。费尔南走后，他的弟弟西蒙接替了他的职务。西蒙是个无法无天的家伙，他像对待东非土著人那样对待中国人，在南头岛上建立殖民据点，私设法庭，排除中国管辖；支持海盗，贩卖人口，奸淫妇女；拒纳关税，侮辱中国官吏，抢劫、勒索其他国家的商人等，甚至当地还有流传甚广的掠食小孩的传说。连1521年接替他职位的卡尔沃也说他犯下了“无穷的罪行”。
武宗一回京就病倒驾崩了，嘉靖皇帝即位。嘉靖皇帝在葡萄牙给国王的信中没有发现愿意成为中国藩属国的话，而以前费尔南的信中有类似的话，因此对葡萄牙人没有了好感。葡萄牙人在中国的劣行又被大臣趁机报告给皇帝，马六甲国王也再次派人来要求中国帮他复国。自然地，嘉靖皇帝不可能与这些作恶多端的葡萄牙人打什么交道了，他马上下令把使团中的中国翻译和江彬处死，把皮雷士逐出北京，令其从广东出境。当皮雷士到达广东时，正好遇到了中葡之间暴发了屯门冲突，皮雷士被囚禁在广州，后来病死狱中。
执著的走私犯
武宗死后，根据国丧定制，广东当局要求葡萄牙人退出国境。在中国做香料贸易，获利巨大的葡萄牙人是不甘心退出的，他们用武力回应中国的决定，向广东的海巡队发动攻击。葡萄牙人的行径使得中国决定采取武力行动剿灭。1521年8月，广东海道副使汪鋐率队将葡萄牙人包围在屯门港内，经过40天的激战，终于迫使葡萄牙人趁雨夜分乘三艘小船逃跑。1522年，双方又在广东香山县的西草湾发生海战，此战结果是，中国俘获对方“船舰二艘，斩敌三十五人，活捉四十二人”。中方百户王应恩战死。西草湾战斗后，明朝为了根绝外患，禁止一切船舶入境。葡萄牙人在不可能进行合法贸易的情况下，与中国、日本私商相勾结在浙江沿海进行走私贸易，大获其利。当时的走私贸易不仅得到了当地人的欢迎和官员的默许与纵容，而且许多官吏、军士也乐此不疲，以牟巨利。显然这是对海禁政策不满的一种无声的抗争，这样的政策不仅没有达到目的反而使当地风气变坏，违禁成为了一种心照不宣的行为。尤其在一些远离城市的地区，因为进行贸易可以使本地获利，葡萄牙人还受到了较好的款待。随着贸易的逐步扩大，双屿，一个因地形适宜走私商人和海盗盘踞的海岛被葡萄牙人占据。1542年后，因葡萄牙开辟了对日直接贸易，把日本纳入到它的贸易范围，这里发展成为葡萄牙人从事日本、闽浙和马六甲三角贸易的基地。因中日对双方的货物都有旺盛需求，从事中日间三角贸易由于明朝的海禁政策，使中日之间十年一贡的朝贡贸易远远不能满足需要，在此情况下，葡萄牙人趁虚而入，做起了中日之间本来不需要的中间商，赚取了大量的利益。的葡萄牙人获利甚厚，“凡是运到那里（指日本）的货物都可获得三、四倍的钱”。这又是因海禁而将利益拱手让人的例子。随着时间的推移，双屿的葡萄牙居留地逐渐扩大，“可以与印度的主要城市相比”，葡萄牙人达到了1200人，这里有法官、公证官、议员、收税官，还有市场物价监察官、书记官、巡夜官等等人员，有教堂、医院等设施，“除绞架和市标外一无所缺”，此外“营房、战舰无所不具”，实际上把双屿当做了一个殖民地。
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